Journalistic History :: essays research papers

11. Yellow Journalism- The cartoon Hogans Alley depicted a tenement urchin, The Yellow Kid, who mocked upper-class customs and wore a yellow gown. When THE JOURNAL matched THE WORLD in color print, the author of the cartoon switched newspapers. The ensuing dispute gave rise to yellow journalism (unprincipled journalism) and led to the recruitment of absolute newsboys in a bid to increase sales. The biggest yellow journalists were Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst (Please remain. You furnish the pictures. Ill furnish the war.)17. Bohemian Thinkers- Many of these thinkers lived in Greenwich Village, NYC. They supported Freudian psychoanalysis, jilted traditional sexual traditions, and the Victorian life. This group included Isadore Duncan the Ashcan artists (Henri, Sloan, and Luk) Eugene ONeill, the playwright Margaret Sanger, early supporter of birth control. Their influence was limited because they didnt choose themselves in the reform movement. Their attitude was do as I say, not as I do.21. Spanish-American War- The Spanish-American War was fought in 1898. The causes of this war were American concern for Cuban independence the rise of yellow journalism American business interests in Cuba the DeLome letter, which was written by the Spanish Foreign Minister and criticized President McKinley and the sinking of the USS Maine, which sank in the Havana Harbor on February 15, 1898 and was blamed on the Spanish. The war was declared on April 10, 1898 and the treaty was signed on April 17, 19(I wrote the wrong year and set about to go back and look it up, sorry)23. Theodore Roosevelt- Theodore Roosevelt, the first base Progressive Era president and former governor of New York, was an outgoing outdoorsman who was full of life. He was in addition known as the Trust-buster, but didnt believe that big corporations should be broken up indiscriminately. Regulation seemed the better approach to him. With Roosevelts Square push-down list, TR had the governme nt intervene in the United Mine Workers strike in 1902, and the sides soon settled. He continued and succeeded in reforms in railroads with the Hepburn distinction that strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission (regulates RR). The Pure Food & Drug Act was passed also. The one area for which he is most famous is in conservation. Roosevelt was the first president to win a noble prize, and he lived at Sagamore Hill, NY.30. William Jennings Bryan- William Jennings Bryan was the fundamentalists lawyer who was involved the Scopes Trial of the 1920s.

A Comparison of Andrew Marvells To His Coy Mistress and Thomas Hardys

A Comparison of Andrew Marvells To His Coy Mistress and Thomas Hardys The Ruined MaidIn this render I will look at the two poems, explore what the poems areabout, look at the language and images employ in them by the writers andthen canvas the two.The ruined maid by Thomas Hardy is a conversation between two womengenus genus Melia, the ruined maid herself and another lady, her friend of whomshe utilise to know when she lived in need. Melias friend brings up all assorted points about Melia that have changed, for example the wayshe looks, now youve gay bracelets and acts, youd sigh and youdsock but Melia just says a few simple words in reply.To his overmodest mistress by Andrew Marvell is a one sided argument and isabout a patch try to persuade his mistress to lose her virginity withhim before her looks and beauty start to go, as she gets older. Hetries to persuade her to have sex with him by using flattery, humourand frightening, or so blackmailing her by describing opposites hocking images.Hardy writes The ruined maid in an unusual way, one of which is notusually heard of, he writes it as if it was an actual knowledgeableconversation between two women. He creates this by using variousamounts of punctuation he uses speech marks throughout the poem, usesdashes to separate the two different people?s speech, and usesquestion marks, explanation marks and further speech marks in all theappropriate places, which all help to give the rig of theconversation happening, from the first line to the last and encouragesthe reader to think of it more as a dialogue when reading it.Your talking quite fits ee for high compa-ny-? roughly polish is gained with one?s ruin,? said she? is an e... ...gh it is obvious that she does not want to, as shewould have known that it wasn?t the best thing to do, that her marital emplacement would have been in ruins, her reputation in tatters. However in?The ruined maid? Melia had already have had sex and although her oldlife and the merely way she knew was gone, she had gained a much betterone, where although she is no longer of any marital value, she appears(unless it is just a cover) to be more polished and seems happier in habitual life.If you look at it in one way, ?The ruined maid? could be what couldhappen to the mistress in ?To his overmodest mistress?. It could be whathappens to her if she goes through with the public?s proposal so inconclusion, although the poems tell the tales of two differentstories, they could easily be part of the same one, where ?The ruinedmaid? follows on from ?To his coy mistress?. A Comparison of Andrew Marvells To His Coy Mistress and Thomas HardysA Comparison of Andrew Marvells To His Coy Mistress and Thomas Hardys The Ruined MaidIn this endeavor I will look at the two poems, explore what the poems areabout, look at the language and images used in them by the writers andthen equivalence the two.The ruined maid by Thomas Hardy is a conversation between two w omenMelia, the ruined maid herself and another lady, her friend of whomshe used to know when she lived in need. Melias friend brings up alldifferent points about Melia that have changed, for example the wayshe looks, now youve gay bracelets and acts, youd sigh and youdsock but Melia just says a few simple words in reply.To his coy mistress by Andrew Marvell is a one sided argument and isabout a man hard to persuade his mistress to lose her virginity withhim before her looks and beauty start to go, as she gets older. Hetries to persuade her to have sex with him by using flattery, humourand frightening, close blackmailing her by describing differentshocking images.Hardy writes The ruined maid in an unusual way, one of which is notusually heard of, he writes it as if it was an actual easyconversation between two women. He creates this by using variousamounts of punctuation he uses speech marks throughout the poem, usesdashes to separate the two different people?s speech, and usesque stion marks, explanation marks and further speech marks in all theappropriate places, which all help to give the moment of theconversation happening, from the first line to the last and encouragesthe reader to think of it more as a dialogue when reading it.Your talking quite fits ee for high compa-ny-? close to polish is gained with one?s ruin,? said she? is an e... ...gh it is obvious that she does not want to, as shewould have known that it wasn?t the best thing to do, that her marital status would have been in ruins, her reputation in tatters. However in?The ruined maid? Melia had already have had sex and although her oldlife and the just now way she knew was gone, she had gained a much betterone, where although she is no longer of any marital value, she appears(unless it is just a cover) to be more polished and seems happier in oecumenical life.If you look at it in one way, ?The ruined maid? could be what couldhappen to the mistress in ?To his coy mistress?. It could be whath appens to her if she goes through with the man?s proposal so inconclusion, although the poems tell the tales of two differentstories, they could easily be part of the same one, where ?The ruinedmaid? follows on from ?To his coy mistress?.

Reviewing Sullivan?s Study of America?s Wine :: essays research papers fc

For many years, wine dictionaries and encyclopedias have unknowingly been misleading consumers on the history of Americas wine, Zinfandel. In Zinfandel, A History of a Grape and Its Wine, Charles Sullivan, an accomplished viticulture researcher, challenges the popular belief that the grape was originally brought to America by a Magyar immigrant. Sullivan explores the history of wine to bring forth intriguing facts that prove the popular belief to be wrong. With the help of University of Californias (UCs) Carole Meredith, a new creative thinker is thoroughly explained describing the true ancestry of Zinfandel.For those not familiar with the wine it is important to note that Zinfandel, according to Sullivan, was the first and most successful American wine. Typically, wines from France and Italy prove to be more superior in taste than the American counterparts. However, with Zinfandel this is not the case. Unlike aged and dry wines, the young, fruity chilliness of the Zinfandel mak es for a more pleasurable flavor that appeals to a greater number of peoples tastes.Sullivan does an excellent job keeping the restrain enjoyable by providing readers with intriguing side notes. For example, here he tries to illustrate the extreme passion that the Californians had for Zinfandel.So great was the Napa passion for this grape that one of the tiny railroad stations below St. Helena was renamed Zinfandel. By the 1880s Zinfandel Lane crossed the valley, and the steamer Zinfandel plied the bay waters between San Francisco and the wharves of Napa City. (Sullivan, 2003)This passage is a perfect example of why this book was enjoyable for me.However, there are times during the book where Sullivan becomes longwinded when it comes to explaining certain points. Long paragraphs embedded with, at times, insignificant graphics and charts make the book a hard and slow up read. Yet, my curiosity and desire to learn helped me overcome the craving to close the book.The desire I did ha ve to close the book may have been attributed to the amount of wine lingo found within the text. The excessive amount of references to other wine varieties made it extremely tiresome, as I had to repeatedly look up in dictionaries and encyclopedias the characteristics of a certain wine he was describing. I believe that a person more educated in the subject of wine would enjoy this book more than an uneducated person like me. If a reader is not familiar with wine, the book can be quite discouraging at times.

Violence Will Never Bring Victory Over Terrorism :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Violence Will Never Bring Victory Over Terrorism   This has been a very angry family for many of us - the year since September 11, 2001.  In a spirit of anger, hate spreads to become hostility. This  hostility must be focused on something or someone. Howard Thurman in his book The suppuration Edge, states, If hostility cannot express itself toward anything else, then it is like a boomerang and turns upon its possessor.  A key question that all Americans continue to face is how to respond to the death and close brought into our lives by the terrorist attacks. One might expect hate and hostility, but the prevailing response has been compassion and heroic efforts to support those who have suffered a loss.   Immediately subsequently the attacks of 9/11, President Bush identified the key issues, including the anger and grief of the American hoi polloi. Bush said, Grief has turned to anger and our anger to resolution. We are firm in the goal of victory over terro rism and the defeat of those who harbor terrorist. What does that word resolute mean? Firmness, Determination, Pursuing a fixed propose, unwavering.  This fixed purpose continues to seek  target s around the world.   The glass in the side view mirror of my car cracked last week so I looked in the phone book to find a repair shop. I choose one on Lee Highway. On the right I sawing machine an auto glass repair shop so I pulled in to the parking lot. I had the car with the broken mirror so I asked the peeress behind the counter if they could replace the glass. She looked at the car and said they did not stock that piece and could not match the tinting. I pulled out the address and take a crap of the original glass shop that was on down the road and asked her how far it was or if she could recommend any place that would be closer. She stated that Brainerd Glass was closer. I asked which shop she would recommend. She said, Brainerd Glass -- that other shop is run by a man from Saudi Arabia. I responded, there are good and bad people in Saudi Arabia just as there are good and bad people in Chattanooga.   I hope our targets are more direct than at those who are Arab, or practice Islam, or look like a terrorist and board a plane, or have ideas that seem strange.

Faulners The Bear :: essays research papers

In many daybooks, there are characters that are written into the story to show the strengths of the main character. In this case it is Ike who because of Boon we see as a main his weaknesses and his strengths. Ike is a young boy who has just come unto the age of a hunting watch. Hes first time at the camp we see that Ike is a strong young boy whose main fault is his youth. However we meat Boon in the beginning of the story and slowly through out the story we learn that Boon is not perfect and that he is related to Sam Fathers, who is Ikes teacher. Ike homogeneous all main characters show some prevalence over the thing, which holds him back, the woods. Ike slowly becomes a great woodsmen and tracker. Boon is still a man verging on hunter but not one because he doesnt have the ability to be patient and non-violent when he kills.Ike runs into the indestructible bear Old Ben two clock in his growth towards manhood but never with the intention to kill him. So, Ike who Sam Fathers and maybe even Ike himself fantasy would kill the bear did not make grow to. Ike even though not able to kill the bear becomes an awesome tracker and a great woodsman. He says at one point in the book that he knows the woods better then Sam Fathers. Ike is slowly becoming not only a man but also a hunter. He loves the wilderness and has gone into the woods with nothing except his close and come back out fine, This is to prove though that even in his youth Ike is a great hunter and that it is his right to kill the bear and not anyone elses, however Faulner decided that Boon should kill the bear.Boon ends up killing the bear that everyone thought was invincible with a knife which seems very much the behavior a real hunter would have done it, this shows that Boon in his own way is a hunter and not a straggler who just hangs around the camp for free drink. Since boon killed the bear, he becomes insane and once more becomes a pygmy as Faulkner says. Someone who is afraid of the woods and kills with the intent to kill not eat.

Analysis essay of the film “Falling Down” Essay

The look at Falling Down is close to a humankind named Bill that loses control of his anger and frustration when confronted with typical everyday stress. He has reached his breaking point and loses his cool as well as his sense of self. The scene demonstrates examples of both cultural and social issues. Cultural issues explored by this movie are the existence of subcultures and countercultures in city life. The movie takes place in Los Angeles, California that is largely populated by Mexicans and Oriental migrants. The protagonist, played by Michael Douglas, encounters and oriental person man that owns a local mini mart and two Mexican gang members. The oriental man represents the subculture and the gang members represent the counterculture. The social issues are reflected through gender relations, racial relations, and anomie, as well as traffic and violence. This film has great speech pattern on the social aspect. The film places these factors in the context of a social sett ing with cultural influences.Social stratification plays a minor role in this movie. The only valid example of it is in the scenes involving the police officers. There is a rank system within the field of police work and the particular ranks are respected. Gender roles play a somewhat larger role within the context of the main character. There is a moderate amount of interaction amid the protagonist and his ex-wife. However, the communications between them is brief and tense. The ex-wife fears him because of his uncontrollable temper. Bill, however, speaks to her under the disillusion that they are still a family.Read AlsoWhich Would be the Best radical for an Analytical EssayRace and ethnicity are important facets of the story line. The first meeting is between the protagonist and the oriental man that owns the local mini mart. later on abandoning his car in a traffic jam. Bill goes to the pay border to call his wife. He realizes that he doesnt have enough substitute and goes to the mini mart to change a dollar bill. The oriental man tells him he must make a purchase in order to get change. He opts to buy a coca-cola. The oriental man tells him the coke will cost him $0.85. Bill is very disturbed because this will not give him enough change to make the phone call. He feels cheated because a foreigner is overcharging him to buy American goods.At the end of the scene, he has his first outburst and damages many of thegoods and products and then buys the soda at a reasonable price. This scene also illustrates the main characters current social role as a consumer. The next meeting is with the Mexican gang members who imperil him in the name of territory. They look and communicate differently not only because they are Hispanic, but because they have their own internal communication system within the gang members. He uses the wooden bat that he took from the mini mart to physically defend himself against the gang members. The scene contains his second outburst. The film takes place in a city much like Miami. The mood in the metropolitan city is very busy, fast-paced, defensive, and stressed. The film opens in a scene where the protagonist is confine in his car while stuck in traffic due to road construction. This is very typical of life here in Miami. The issues raised by the film are relative to the Miami lifestyle. Many of us can plug into to the frustration we feel when stuck in traffic caused by roadwork during rush hour. We can also relate to the volume of shops and restaurants owned by foreigners and the ever -growing concern with inflation.This film seems to have been designed to entertain viewers. Nevertheless, it has some key social elements that express to the viewer about the sociology of urban life. This film encourages critical thinking to those who are willing to study this film for its true social value. Unfortunately, most people view this film for recreation purposes and do not make the time to read into it. It seems th at the overall public reaction is that this movie reflects the social nor, and that it will be accepted as such. in spite of appearance that state of mind, people would see the film as a reflection of modern times and not wonder, What we can do about it?

Academic performance of disabled students and their general education peers Essay

Calls for the evolution of the facts of lifeal system to maintain an inclusive computer classme for mentally, financially and physically change learners learn been supported by the arguments that inclusion will greatly benefit the schoolman and social performance of fryren with disabilities. This is true since donnish learning is enhanced when a program expecting extravagantlyer discoverput and reinforcing higher standards exists for students. These opportunities allow them to work and study harder as it exposes them to what many believe are convening real-life standards.Friendly and Lero (1993) stress that a motivation to keep up and progress without outside assistance is a driving force of enhancing performance. They likewise note that the labels in homogeneous or ability groupings negatively affect student potential. Contrastingly, although the effects of the inclusive system of education are favorable for non-general students, Brackett (1994) stresses that the opposi te might understand effect for general education students. These children might sleep together boredom due to the considerations given to disabled students in terms of ill-treat and activities.Special or disabled children may in addition experience frustration as they try to keep up with the design learning pace in a motley commingle of students. Despite these contentions, several studies withal note the positive effects of inclusion to the academic performance of both general education children and finical inescapably education students. Hines and Johnston (1997) reported that disabled students in an inclusive put up up showed academic progress and performance and improved their behavior as well.Schattman and Benay (1992) attribute this to the wide pictorial matter of the disabled children, in an inclusive traffic circle up, to creative teachers and the nature of the inclusion strategies to expose the children to social interactions with other students. The marks and l earning abilities of disabled students on circumstantial subjects were also positively affected by being in inclusive classroom situations (Barbetta et al, 1991). The effect of inclusion to regular classroom students has been extensively studied and Staub and down (1995) list the general outcomes of the moving-picture show of this group to this new learning environment.It has been noted that regular class students, after being exposed to an inclusive situation, become more aware of existence of human diversity and have reduced fear of human differences. They have more social interactions which results in a keener awareness of ego knowledge. In addition, they also learned to develop their personal principles at an early age and the increase frequency of social relationships allowed them to create more friends. Hollowood et al. (1994) also answers a thriving concern about the imbalance of time allotment for students by teachers when exposed to an inclusive environment.It has been observed that the presence of special needs students in a class does not interfere with the allocated time of teachers to regular class students. And although, interruptions have been observed in some cases, the downtime did not significantly alter the average guidance hours when compared to general education classes. Similarly, in a study of primary and thirdhand schools that adopted inclusion, Idol (2006) reports that in a four-year study of four elemental and secondary schools, most students are generally not affected by the presence of students with disabilities in their classes.Statistics on these schools show that the elementary students surveyed registered a 68% approval range on student performance and the respective elementary and secondary students show a 36% and 24% rating that student performance in inclusive situations was higher. 32% and 34% of elementary and secondary students also agree that academic abilities remained constant. In the four elementary schools c onsidered, only 6% of the educators responded that there were negative reactions brought out by the presence of disabled students in class, turn the statistics in the secondary schools surveyed did not vary much at 8%.The teachers also reported that a larger chunk ( 50% ) of the students increased or retained their statewide test scores. Requirements for an effective strategy Dugan et al. (1995) reviewed several studies which have been published regarding the methods and strategies used in inclusive education. According to this paper, improved academic performance is assured (Kamps et al. , 1992 Madden and Slavin, 1983 Noonan & Hemphill, 1984 Shores et al. , 1993 Stainback et al. , 1981) if the program consists of a 1.method to encourage and guide interaction among students with disabilities and their peers 2. scheme where teachers enlist adaptive measures of instruction for students with disabilities 3. program of study that enjoins both disabled and normal children to equally pa rticipate in activities and 4. training to improve the social interactions and abilities of a child that prepares him for the real world environment. One aspect of inclusive education that employed joint learning groups is also effective in enhancing the performance of students.Johnson et al (1990) notes that cooperative learning results in improved academic performance of children from different cognitive levels to be in a heterogeneous educational environment that promotes the mediation of groups for maximum learning. Inclusive education programs and strategies like the cross-age tutoring also resulted in improved performance of both students with and without disabilities (Barbetta et al. , 1991) and increased the take uping and comprehension abilities of both normal children and children with autism (Kamps et al., 1994).Kamps et al (1994) also note that because of the drastic improvement in the confidence of the children in a cooperative learning set up, the time for interactio ns and social activities between children with autism and their peers also increased and adds to their improved learning abilities. According to Dugan et al (1995) cooperative learning groups improved student interaction through increased frequency of social activities. The effectivity of student learning also increased due to tutoring events and research activities.Hawkins et al (2001) explained that early social interactions between children create a deeper bond that acts as a defence for behavioral problems and, thus, strengthens the relationships of students. Strategies for improved academic performance Academic performance in an inclusive set up uses contemporary schemes in point to teach the lessons to students. acquisition is boosted through techniques such as teams games tournaments or TGT, which allows the teacher to teach the lessons to students through games.The teams cooperate and learn from other group members by peer tutoring in order to increase their chances of wi nning in the tournaments. Another scheme called student teams and academic divisions or STAD allows individual members of a team to score points by adding their individual compose scores, like in a quiz for example, to the total accumulated team points (Slavin, 1990). Another inclusion strategy that shows very promising results in increasing the academic fervor of children involves the use of class wide peer tutoring (CWPT).In a study of the performance of heterogeneously grouped children under the subject of reading and reading comprehension, CWPT was observed to increase the ability of students to read and pronounce words accurately and answer reading comprehension questions correctly. The technique was also found to improve the cognitive skills of elementary students with autism. It was also a tool for social interaction and learning with their classmates and showed better reading proficiencies for most students because of the relative ease in adapting this program to a normal c lassroom set up (Kamps et al.,1994).CWPT can also be incorporated in a team games tournament (TGT) scheme and are collectively referred to as class wide student tutoring teams (CSTT). This method employs tutoring and tests individual learning progress by competitions where individual scores comprise team scores. Reading can also be taught to elementary students through a cooperative integrated reading and composition technique or CIRC. In this strategy, students are paired and are allowed to read stories to each other while practicing and honing their reading abilities (Jenkins et al., 1991).Johnson et al (1984) reports that role playing is also a learning strategy to be employed, this technique, called circles of learning, employs group dynamics and allows students to thoroughgoing(a) assigned tasks and evaluate their performance through worksheets. In addition, the competitive atmosphere is reduced because of the nature of the activity. These techniques have been shown to improve the academic performance of a heterogeneous mix of students with different baseline aptitudes.The case of employing inclusion to disabled children and high-level students with autism can also be employed to children who are sickly, obese or those with high risks of cardiovascular diseases. Van Sluijs et al. (2007) have observed that the method of inclusion to obese adolescents shows strong evidence of improvement and increased physical activity. The effective strategies employed actively involve the school, the community and the students family in order to improve the physical disposition of the individuals in the study.Studies show that a key factor in the improvement of students in inclusive setups is the competency of educators handling the classes. However, every teacher has his own techniques, experiences and learn strategies that he has developed over time. This difference in experience is especially large between teachers who handle exclusively special classes for disabled students and those who handle general education. Thus, in an inclusive setting, in order to expand the exposure of students to different teachers, collaborative teaching has been developed as a strategy for effective learning.This method is a big deviation from the previous pull-out system for uncomplete inclusive settings. In co-teaching, both teachers complement and co-teach both disabled students and their peers (Gerber and Popp, 2000). Rea et al (2002), in a study on the teaching practices of Enterprise Middle check which handles grade school students at levels 6 to 8, show that co-teaching is an effective strategy for educating students. This mechanism involves daily class rotations with different teachers. Co-teaching also requires careful and synchronized supply on the part of the educators.Teachers actively and regularly discuss their activities and lessons and share methods of evaluating the progress of students. This way, different instructional objectives are met altho ugh by different individuals. This is necessary to coordinate and pace teachers in their work and lessons with their students as well as to share information on student development. Different schemes characterize the co-teaching method. Rea et al (2002) note that interactive teaching or taking turns observing and lecturing may be employed. The class may also be divided for parallel sessions or one teacher may be assigned for catch-up classes for some students.Nonetheless, any form taken by the co-teaching scheme aims to provide for the needs of the children, supplied variation in teaching techniques, and was seen as a healthy environment for student growth and learning. Many researchers have uttered support to the principle of including disabled students in general education practice. Among them, Villa et al. (1996) have observed that educators preferred teaching disabled students along with their non-disabled peers. This factor may have contributed to the increased academic progres s of students within the inclusive education set up.On the other hand, Thousand and Villa (2000) stressed that teachers are not the only major contributing factor to student progress. In fact, they highlight the observation that inter-student relationships while in the confines of the classroom play a big role during learning, emotional and social development. As the needs of the children in an inclusive set up are congruent to the skill that must be possessed by the educators handling the classes, teacher training (Porter, 2001) is an essential part of the process that makes an inclusive set up work.Daniel and King (1997) refer to this skill as training for inclusionary practices and is a characteristic of teachers that must be developed in order to function in effect in an educational system following heterogeneous groupings. It should, therefore, be apparent that these special skills allow educators to adapt to the wide needs of different types of students and allow them to be cr eative in forming strategies for an efficient and effective learning experience for both disabled students and their peers.However, the great demands of the inclusive educational practice oftentimes result in work pressure among teaching personnel. For example, studies on all elementary physical education instructors from Israel show that the episodes of burnout in faculty members are related to the number of special or disabled students in their classes and the amount of assistance they get conducting these classes (Fejgin et al. , 2005). This relates the demanding work that is put in by the educators in order to make an inclusive program work.This study also stresses the chief role played by government support in the educational system, where episodes of teacher burnout are also dictated by poor quality of the workplace and inadequacy of the institution to provide sports facilities for the needs of the students, especially the disabled or special cases. Despite episodes of burnout , most teachers have expressed their support for inclusion as an appropriate program to teach disabled children (Idol, 2006) the statistics is expected to improve if more educational personnel were available to answer to the needs of all students.The necessity for improved and evolving programs that would answer the needs of students in inclusion also requires the involvement of many organizations, individuals and different types of educators, resulting in interdisciplinary interactions to improve new conditions (Robertson and Valentine, 1998). This brings about an atmosphere of community and exposes the teaching skills of effective teachers and allows room for growth and improvement.Equally important to the instructors are the provision of adequate health care prophylactic facilities for different types of students which should be provided by the government and their policy makers. It is consequently very crucial that an educational program should be backed-up by community and pol icy drive education straighten out for a successful advocacy. Porter (2001) expresses that there is a need for legislators who understand that an inclusive community school is a method of reform that should be supported.For cases of students with severe autism and retardation, however, further studies both on the effective procedures that should be employed and on the qualitative measures of investigating the effects of peer-mediated activities and cooperative learning also require continuous evaluation (Kamps et al. , 1994). Nonetheless, Kamps and Carta (1989) note that strategies are successful if these improve or maintain the skills of non disabled students without compromising the learning of their disabled peers.

Nationalism in Italy during the 1900’s Essay

By 1871, the separate states of Italy had finally become a unified country. patriotism played a ver large part in this unification process. If it hadnt been for the people of this region having a strong sense of pride for their country, Italy would still be split up into many nations as it was in the early 1800s. There were certain people who helped move this process a eagle-eyed tre manpowerdously, including Cavour, Mazzini and Garibaldi. All these great men helped form new movements or ideas. Then in the late 1800s, the people of Italy had a growing sense of nationalism, which led to many changes in the future of their states.Feelings of nationalism arose while Napoleon I was in rule and then later, developed into large movements. thus far more importantly, thinkers and writers who tried to create interests in the Italian traditions, stop up bringing up the Risorgimento, which in Italian means the resurgence. Risorgimento was a nationalistic movement aimed to liberation and un ification. Patriots of the Risorgimento worked together in their aims of liberation and unification, however, they disagreed on what type of government that would come into place after this unification.Secret societies called Carbonari, which was created and led by Mazzini, who furthered nationalistic feelings and was even imprisoned for the uprisings he caused. Mazzini was an idealist and envisioned a united Italy and devoted his entire life to this goal. Mazzini is also well known for creating another movement called Young Italy, where he called all Italian patriots to join.Cavour, the chief subgenus Pastor of Sardinia, was the man who brought many of these ideas together by using the establishing of new banks, factories, railroads, ships and treaties to lessen the influence of the Roman Catholic Church, and create and united, industrialized Italy. Unlike Mazzini, Cavour was a realist and was unceasingly determined to get results from the movements that took place under his rule. These strong feelings made new movements and wars inevitable.Another man that was devoted to Italian secretedom was Giuseppe Garibaldi. Hewas in and discover of the country with exiles and revolutions, but his most important revolutionary plot was that with Cavour. This plot was forming an army, later called the Red Shirts, to free the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, invade Sicily and seize Naples. The upcountry conflicts of Italy were crucial to the fight for independence, but the wars with the outside countries were the ones that truly determined the fate of the nation.In 1855, Cavour and Napoleon III secretly met to plan a war against Austria to free Northern Italy. The war began in 1859 and was successful for the first three months until Napoleon decided he didnt want Italy to be united after all, and sign a secret armistice with Austria. During those first three months, many states overthrew their Austrian rulers and requested an annexation to Sardinia. However, after this maj or shift in power, many rulers returned to their states that they had earlier governed. All throughout the battles fought, the people still embraced the hope they all had for Italy as a free, unified nation.In 1860, a long awaited election was allow forth to all the states excluding Rome and Venetia, which were still under Napoleons rule, and it was more or less unanimous that the Sardinian king, Victor Emmanuel II would rule the kingdom of Italy. The Italians had nearly achieved their aims of unity and had a parliament representing each state. Their ambition was satisfied when Napoleon III had to pull his troops out of Rome and Venetia for the Franco-Prussian war and they were captured and completed Italy.Even though this was wonderful for Italy to be united as a whole, they were inexperienced with government and were still very much divided by traditions and independence. The Mafia and menacing taxes caused a lot of tension on the country. Although, these were not the results of an earlier disunity, because before uniting, they could have easily had internal conflicts, but when united as a country, it in truth brings out the problems that certain parts of the country have with one another. Nevertheless, by 1871, Italy had finally reached the point of a unified country, but it still had a long way to go before it became the strong, stable nation it is today.

Automobile in Bangladesh Essay

International University Of Bussines Agriculture And Technology. Abstuct Automobile is the one popular side of engineering. Now-a-days the demand of automobile mathematical product is emerging high. But automobile is non essential lots and it is so r argon for our Bangladeshi people. Bangladesh is developing country exclusively here automobile product is not available. And the automobile product scathe is high for get ride from this problem we have to developing. our automobile side here,I disscuss near about problem of developing automobile, Key discourse automobile, IntroductionAn automobile, auto railcar, motor car or car is a wheelight-emitting diode motor fomite roled for transportin passengers, which in addition carries its feature engine or motor. intimately definitions of the term specify that automobiles ar tropeed to run primarily on roads, to have seating for one to eight people, to typically have four wheels, and to be constructed principally for the trans port of people rather than goods. 3 The year 1886 is regarded the year of birth of the modern automobile with the Benz Patent-Motorwagen, by German inventor Carl Benz.Motorized wagons soon replaced animal-drafted carriages, itemly after automobiles became affordable for many a(prenominal) people when the crossing ride T was introduced in 1908. The term motorcar has formerly also been used in the linguistic context of electrified rail systems to denote a car which functions as a small locomotive but also provides space for passengers and baggage. These locomotive cars were often used on suburban routes by both interurban and intercity railroad systems.4 An automobile syllabus is a shared set of common design, engineering, and ware efforts, as healthful as major(ip) components e trulywhere a number of outwardly distinct sticks and even types of automobiles, often from assorted, but related marques. 2 It is practiced in the automotive diligence to reduce the cost associated with the exploitation of products by basing those products on a smaller number of weapons platforms. This further admits companies to create distinct models from a design perspective on similar underpinnings. 2 EtymologyThe record book automobile comes, via the French automobile from the Ancient Greek word (autos, self) and the Latin mobilis (movable) meaning a vehicle that moves itself. The loanword was first pick out in English by The New York Times in 1899. 7 The alternative name car is believed to originate from the Latin word carrus or carrum (wheeled vehicle), or the Middle English word carre (cart) (from Old North French), in turn these are said to have originated from the Gaulish word karros (a Gallic Chariot). 89 definition Definition and benefitsPlatform share-out is a product development method where different products and the brand attached share the same(p) components. The purpose with platform sharing is to reduce the cost and have a more efficient product deve lopment process. 4 The companies gain on reduced procurement cost by pickings reinforcement of the commonality of the components. However, this also limits their ability to differentiate the products and imposes a risk of losing the tangible uniqueness of the product. The companies have to make a trade-off between decrease their development costs and the degree of differentiation of the products.3 A basic definition of a platform in automobiles, from a technical point of view, includes underbody and suspensions (with axles) where the underbody is made of front floor, underfloor, engine compartment and frame (reinforcement of underbody). 5 Key mechanical components that define an automobile platform include * The floorpa, which serves as a foundation for the chassis and different structural and mechanical components * Front and rear axles and the distance between them wheelbase * Steering mechanism and type of power steering.* Type of front and rear suspensions * Placement and select of engine and other powertrain components * Ford Ka * Fiat Panda * Fiat 500 * Fiat Uno Vehicle platform-sharing combined with advanced and flexible-manufacturing technology enables automakers to sharply reduce product development and change over times, small-arm modular design and assembly allow building a greater variety of vehicles from one basic set of engineered components. 6 umteen vendors refer to this as product or vehicle architecture.The concept of product architecture is the scheme by which the function of a product is allocated to physical components. 7 The use of a platform strategy provides several benefits5 * Greater flexibility between plants (the possibility of transferring production from one plant to another due to standardization), * Cost lessening achieved finished using resources on a global scale, * Increased use of plants (higher productivity due to the reduction in the number of differences), and * Reduction of the number of platforms as a result of their localization on a worldwide basis.The automobile platform strategy has become important in new product development and in the innovation process. 8 The finished products have to be responsive to firebrandet needs and to demonstrate distinctiveness while at the same time they mustiness be developed and declared at low cost. 5 Adopting such a strategy affects the development process and also has an important impact on an automakers organizational structure.5 A platform strategy also offers advantages for the globalization process of automobile firms. 9 Because the majority of time and money by an automaker is spent on the development of platforms, platform sharing affords manufacturers the ability to cut costs on research and development by spreading the cost of the R&D over several product lines. Manufacturers are whence able to offer products at a lower cost to consumers. Additionally, economies of scale are increased, as is return on investment funds. 210 Examples.Or iginally, a platform was a literally shared chassis from a previously-engineered vehicle, as in the case for the Citroen 2CV platform chassis used by the Citroen Ami and Citroen Dyane, and Volkswagen beetling frame under the Volkswagen Karmann Ghia. Platform sharing has been a common practice since the 1960s when GM used the same platform in the development of the Pontiac LeMans, the Buick Skylark, the Chevrolet Chevelle, and Oldsmobile Cutlass. In the 1980s, Chryslers K-cars all wore a badge with the letter, K, to indicate their shared platform.In later stages, the K platform was extended in wheelbase, as well as use for several of the Corporations different models. Fiat Croma Cadillac BLS Opel Vectra C GM used similar strategies with its J platform that debuted in mid-1981 in four of GMs divisions. Subsequent to that, GM introduced its A bodies for the same four divisions using the same tread width/wheelbase of the X body platform, but with larger body work to make the cars seem larger, and with larger trunk compartments.They were popular through with(predicate) the 1980s, primarily. Even Cadillac started offering a J body model called the Cimarron, a much gussied up version of the other four brands platform siblings. A similar strategy applied to what is known as the N-J-L platform, arguably the around prolific of GMs efforts on one platform. Once more, GMs four lower level divisions all offered various models on this platform throughout the 1980s and into the 1990s. 1986 Opel Ascona C 1988 Pontiac Sunbird 1988 Cadillac Cimarron Daewoo Espero.Japanese carmakers have followed the platform sharing practice with Hondas Acura line, Nissans Infiniti brand, and Toyotas Lexus marque, as the entry-level luxury models are based on their mainstream lineup. For example, the Lexus ES is essentially an upgraded and rebadged Toyota Camry. 11121314 After Daimler-Benz purchased Chrysler, Chrysler engineers used several M-B platforms for new models including the Crossfir e which was based on the M-B SLK roadster. 15 Other models that share platforms are the European Ford Focus, Mazda 3 and the Volvo S40.16 Differences between shared models typically involve styling, including headlights, tail lights, and front and rear fascias. Examples also involve differing engines and drivetrains. In some cases such as the Lexus ES that is a Toyota Camry, same car, same blueprints, same skeleton off the same assembly line in the same factory, but the Lexus is tradeed with premium coffee tree in the dealerships memorialiseroom and reduced greens fees at Pebble Beach Golf Links as part of the higher-priced badge.17 Platform sharing whitethorn be less noticeable now, however, it is lighten very apparent. Vehicle architectures primarily consist of under the skin components, and shared platforms can show up in unusual places, like the Nissan FM platform-mates Nissan 350Z sports car and Infiniti FX SUV. Volkswagen A platform-mates like the Audi TT and Volkswagen Go lf also share much of their mechanical components but seem visually whole different. Volkswagen Group and Toyota have both had much success building many well differentiated vehicles from many marques, from the same platforms.One of the least overt recent examples is the Chevy Trailblazer and Chevy SSR both use the GMT-360 platform. Opel Astra and Chevy HHR also share a platform yet are visually goodly different. History One hundred years ago, the first Model T automobile was made. The Model T automobile was not the first car to be built, but it was the first widely affordable mass-produced car. The first Model T was built for sale on October 1, 1908, at a price of about $850. Between 1908 and 1927, a total of 15 million Model Ts were s of age(predicate).By the 1920s, half of all the cars in America were model Ts. The 1925 Model T touring car cost about $260 at a time when the average annual income in America was $1236. 1 In January 1906, Dr. C. C. Bachman purchased the first aut omobile to be have in Waterloo. His car was a 15 horsepower Pope that he purchased at the automobile show in New York City. In July of that same year, H. I. fulsome purchased a 25 horsepower Pope Hartford automobile that he drove from Syracuse to Waterloo. 2 Automobiles, however, had been seen in Waterloo and Seneca County before 1906. John E.Becker in his A History of the Village of Waterloo states that The Automobile Review of August 13, 1904, gave an extended accounting system of LaRoches 3,314 non-stop round-trip run between New York City and St. Louis. Included in this account is this paragraph Between Syracuse and Rochester, at Seneca Falls I think it was, I got stuck in the mud and it took me five hours of hard work to dig the auto out and get started again. My hands are covered with blisters from the work This incident is said to have happened precisely west of the village of Seneca Falls and illustrates one of the drawbacks to automobiling through the country. It was a lso reported just a few years later that the village of Waterloo was known from coast to coast as having some of the worst streets over which automobiles had to pass in crossing the continent. 3 Beckers History also reports that seventy-six automobiles came through Waterloo on. Association, covering a distance of 4135 miles in sixteen days. The target of the race was to see which make of machines would last the longest and perform the best work as to endurance and keeping in repair. Becker reported that Main avenue was lined with sightseers who were well repaid for looking. It took the entire afternoon for the passage of the Cars through the village. Late in the forenoon came the pilot cars and finely cut strips of paper (called confetti) were thrown from them to mark the route, which through the business section was on the south side of the street. There were about 300 passengers in the whole number, of whom fifteen were ladies. The latter wore the customary veiling, while the me n were generally clad in long brown linen dusters with the regulation caps and goggles.4 According to a 1967 Reveille article written by June Callahan, what is today the Peter Koch car dealership at 221-229 Fall Street in Seneca Falls was the scene of the manufacture of the Iroquois automobile. The Iroquois Type D car was a 35 horsepower touring car, with a 100 inch wheelbase and was sold F. O. B. Seneca Falls for $2,500. The Iroquois Type E was a 40 horsepower, 7 passenger car with 4. 5 by 32 inch tires and platform springs on the rear, with a selling price of $3,000 F. O. B. Seneca Falls. John Kaiser was the President of the Iroquois Motor Car bon ton between 1903 and 1909. solo thirteen cars were actually built but they were a good car. The small number of vehicles produced was largely because Mr. Kaisers approach to building an automobile was considerably different from todays procedures. He took his technique from the carriage makershe built his cars to last. He considered a $ 3,000 automobile to be a very serious investment and he expected his customers to drive his cars for twenty years or more. Because he wanted to build durability into his cars, he inspected and re-inspected every part and he and his employees assembled the entire automobile.In 1909, the company dissolved because of lack of business. Ms. Callahan speculated in her article that had Mr. Kaiser thought the same way as Henry Ford, maybe the Iroquois Motor would be a booming industry in Seneca Falls today. 5 In that same article, Callahan reported that the streets of Seneca Falls were traveled in the years that followed by many makes that are no longer in production. These include the American Under-Slung that Norman Gould owned Fred Fisher owned a Winton Walter Ward, Sr. owned a Mora Dr. Horton had an terrestrial Charlie Fegley had a Reo Harry Fredenburg had a FranklinPaul Perkins, Sr.had a Savon W. E. Dic paint had a Page and Mrs. Partridge had a Pearce Arrow. The May 30, 1913, issue o f the Seneca Falls Reveille tell that people in Seneca Falls had auto fever. There were 89 Model Ts, plus a number of other car makes in the village. In January 1921, in that respect were 2,073 autos and trucks in the county and by September of that same year the number had increased to 2,945. On October 27, 1922, Fred L. Huntington leased a building at Fall and Mynderse Streets for auto sales. 6 Getting an early automobile started,especially once it stalled out, was not an easy task.Virtually everyone knows of the necessity of cranking the motor. Not everyone knows, however, of the runaway automobile incident on September 17, 1917, in Waterloo. Just as the crowd was dispersing from the New York interchange Railroad Station after seeing off a largecontingent of Seneca County young men entering the army for war duty, William Redfields big Studebaker car became stalled at the main village intersection. When it wouldnt start, a number of helping hands gave it a push. The car was s till in gear and there was no driver in the seat.The runaway car struck another car and then took to the sidewalk where it tore worst awnings on the street. In front of Semtners tailor shop the car struck and killed H. Eugene Van Buren who was repairing the sidewalk. The auto then struck two little girls and then a tree in front of John C. Shanks residence on the corner of Church and Main Streets. The runaway car then bounded across the street and crashed into the house of Edward Conant just east of the Presbyterian Church. Becker summarized the incident with the comment, Every part of the autos driverless trip down the street was a freak occurrence.7 If you want to see this wellpreserved 1903 Ford Model A car, you simply have to go to the N. R. Boyce car dealership in Ovid. They have had this car on viewing since about 1949. To clarify why it is called a 1903 Ford Model A, early Ford cars were simply lettered model A, then model B, etc. until the Model T proved so popular that Ford kept producing that Model T for severa years. Then Ford went back to producing a new Model A. As the picture at right shows, the 1903 Ford Model A was chain-driven. The car often had the problem of mud, etc. clogging up the operation.8 As automobiles were increase in number, our villages were changing as well. Waterloo, for example, erected its first street signs in late 1910. 9 In June 1913, a five year contract was made with Central New York and Electric Co, providing for all night street lighting in Waterloo. This lighting consisted of five ornamental cluster lamps of 60 candlepower each to be placed on each side of Main Street, 100 feet apart. 10 Also in 1913, the village of Waterloo designated street numbers for houses and business places so that take over postal delivery could be instituted in the village of Waterloo on September 1, 1913.11 The Waterloo village board on May 6, 1914,resolved to have East Main, Washington, and River Streets, paved as part of the new state . Highway Law, by which the state, the county, the village and adjoining property owners would pay for the improvement. 12 The rapid increase in the number of automobiles led to the development of many autorelated businesses such as gas stations and tourist cabins. One of the most interesting examples in Seneca County was the Windmill Tourist Camp just west of Seneca Falls. The windmill itself was built in 1929.The Camp had a total of 15 cabins, as many as nine gas pumps, and a eating house and gift shop. It should also be noted that the rise of the automobile helps to explain the demise of streetcars and railroads in our county and nationwide. 13 In 2007 there were 28,143 registered automobiles in Seneca County for a race of about 33,000, and a total of 24,758 drivers licenses. 14 Seeing areally old car like a Tin Lizzie while driving along on a highway today promptsstrong reaction and for good reason. Maybe its simply because cars today arejust so different in appearance from th ose old cars.Or perhaps those old cars give us pause to think nostalgically of a time when life itself and the very pace of life were so different. Automobile Industry Automobile industry is a symbol of technical marvel by human kind. Being one of the fastest growing spheres in the world its dynamic growth phases are explained by nature of disceptation, product life cycle and consumer demand. nowadays, the global automobile industry is concerned with consumer demands for styling, safety, and comfort and with fatigue relations and manufacturing efficiency.The industry is at the crossroads with global mergers and relocation of production centers to emerging developing economies. Due to its deep forward and backward linkages with several key segments of the economy, the automobile industry is having a strong multiplier effect on the growth of a country and hence is capable of be the driver of stinting growth. It plays a major catalytic role in developing transport sector in one han d and help industrial sector on the other to grow faster and thereby generate a significant employment opportunities.Also as many countries are opening the land strand for trade and developing international road links, the contribution of automobile sector in increasing exports and imports will be significantly high. As automobile industry is becoming more and more standardized, the level of rivalry is increasing and production base of most of auto-giant companies are being shifted from the developed countries to developing countries to take the advantage of low cost of production. Thus, many developing countries are making serious efforts to grab these opportunities which include many Asiatic countries such as Thailand, China, India and Indonesia.The rising competition and increasing global trade are the major factors in improving the global distribution system and has forced many auto-giants such as widely distributed Motors, Ford, Toyota, Honda, Volkswagen, and Daimler Chrysl er, to shift their production bases in different developing countries which help them operate efficiently in a globally competitive marketplace. During the second half of the 1990s, the globalization of the automotive industry has greatly accelerated due to the construction of important oversea facilities and establishment of mergers between giant international automobile manufacturers. Over the years, it is being observed that Asia is emerging as a global automotive hub.Exports of automobiles including components from Asia are also increasing by leaps and bounds. Asia has become the major consumer as well as supplier of automobiles. At this juncture, the study makes an attempt to evaluate the growth pattern, changes in ownership structures, trade pattern, role of government etc. in automobile sector of selected Asiatic countries (viz. China, India, Indonesia and Thailand).The objective of the study is to understand the dynamics of Indian automobile sector in comparison to the sam e sector in other selected Asian countries. Thailand is a major auto exporting country from Asia. The sector is mainly driven by Japanese FDI. Chinese automobile sector is growing very fast and is poised to make its dent in the internationalhand is consolidating its position with strong domestic and external demand. The Indonesian automotive industry is essentially an assembly industry, dominated by the major Japanese car manufacturers is also coming up in post-liberalization period and increasing its exports.Japan and Korea Rep already have developed automobile industry. Hence, comparison with these two countries may not be worthwhile. Selected four are developing countries and making an effort to develop the automobile sector through different paths. The paper will compare the alternative strategies for the growth of automobile industry in these selected countries The production of automobiles in volume began in the early 1890s, in western Europe. The USA started the production of both electric and gas automobiles by 1896. In 1903, Ford stepped in.The price of cars reduced from USD 850 in 1908 to USD 360 in 1916. The great natural depression and the World Wars saw a drop in sale but the 1950s and 1960s were the glorious era for automobiles (driven by Ford, GM and Chrysler). Production reached 11 million units in 1970. Industry specialists indicate that international business in the automobile industry dates back to the technology transfer of Ford Motor Companys mass-production model from the U. S. to Western Europe and Japan following both World Wars I and II. This gives rise to two important trends.The first one is that, the advancements in industrialization led to significant increase in the growth and production of the Japanese and German automotive markets. The second important trend was that due to the rock oil embargo from 1973 to 1974, the export of fuel efficient cars from Japan to the U. S. Earlier due to low fuel prices, US was producing muscle cars but after the oil price shocks US had to compete with Europe and Japan who succeeded in producing fuel efficient cars. For the first time, design, marketing, prices, customer satisfaction etc become important in the automobile market.By 1982, Japan became the world leader in US market. The potential growth opportunities led to global overcapacity in automobile industry. 1990s observed the merger and encyclopaedism (M&A) and formation of strategic alliances to tackle this overcapacity problem. Increasing global trade also act as a major factor for rising growth in world commercial distribution systems, which has also increased the global competition amongst the automobile manufacturers. Japanese automakers have instituted innovative production methods by modifying the U. S. manufacturing model.They are also capableof adapting and utilizing technology to enhance production and increase product competition. There are three major trends of world automotive industry, which are dis cussed briefly bellow world(prenominal) Market Dynamics The worlds leading automobile manufacturers offer to invest into production facilities in emerging markets in order to reduce production costs and therefore rise in profits. These emerging markets include Latin America, China, Malaysia and other markets in Southeast Asia. Establishment of Global Alliances Now-a-days, there is trend of vocalize venture in global automotive industry.Most of the giant automobile manufacturers are merging with each others. The big three U. S. automakers (GM, Ford and Chrysler) have merge with, and in some cases established commercial strategic partnerships with other European and Japanese automobile manufacturers. The Chrysler Daimler-Benz merger, were initiated by the European automaker in order to substantiate its position in the U. S. market. Overall, there has been a trend by the world automakers to expand by merging with other giant automotive companies in overseas markets*.Industry Con solidation Increasing global competition amongst the global manufacturers and positioning within foreign markets has divided the worlds automakers into three assorts, the first group being GM, Ford, Toyota, Honda and Volkswagen, and the two remaining group manufacturers attempting to consolidate or merge with other lower group automakers to compete with the first group companies. Diagram1 provides a ginger nut view of this. World automotive industry, in its early stages of development, was concentrated mainly in hands of developed countries like U.S. , Japan etc. But as automobile industry become more and more standardized, the production base of most of auto-giant companies was shifted from the developed countries to developing countries. Standardization makes production more profitable in developing countries due to low cost of labor. Thats why countries like Thailand, China today are the main production base for many multinational automobile companies, and that explain why thi s study is concentrated only on selected countries in Asia.Table 1 below compares basic features of automobile industry in three major markets in the world. Table 1 Comparison of Basic Features in Three Major Automobile Market Characteristics US Market European Market East and South East AsianMarket Contribution to Motor vehicle The automotive industry represents In Japan industry represents 13 % Economy Organisational andtechnical changeis the keycharacteristics of theUS industry. Of late,steps are taken toincrease its globalpresence byexpanding globalalliances and seekinggreater collaborationwith other U.S. automakers. Productivity is morethan EU but less thanJapan. The European automotive market iscomprised of a concentrated andsophisticated global network, whichincludes joint-ventures,cooperatives, productions andassembly sites. Like USA, overcapacity, intense competition andinvestment for technology aregeneral features. The industry isdriven by MNCs mainly located inWestern Eu rope. However, thegrowing production is noted in theCzech Republic, Hungary, Poland,Slovenia, Slovakia and Turkey. East Asian market is mainly drivenby Japanese FDI.Apart from this,state sponsored initiatives areobserved in Korea Rep. , China, etc. These countries are making attemptto develop indigenous auto-industrybase. Others are driven by MNCs. Profitability in the industry isrelatively more than EU Market constituent Ford, GM andChrysler makeupapproximately 76 %of U. S. passengervehicle production,while Japaneseautomakers, Toyota,Honda, Nissan,Mitsubishi, Subaru,Isuzu represents 18%, and Europeanautomakers, BMWand Mercedes(division of Daimler-Chrysler) make upnearly 2%. The EUs largest automotiveproducer is Germany estimated at30 % of EUs total production,followed by France at 19 % andSpain at 17 %, and the UnitedKingdom at 10 %The largest automakers producingmultiple brands, such as GeneralMotors, Ford, Daimler Chrysler,Volkswagen, Fiat and PeugeotCitroen. There are also ind ependentautomakers, such as Porsche, BMWand Bertione. In Japan Toyota, Honda, Nissan,Mazda etc dominate the market.InKorea Rep, Hyundai acquired Kiaand Asia Motors in 1999, and sold10 % of its rightfulness toDaimlerChrysler in 2000 Daewoopurchased 52 % equity in Ssanyongin 1998 and GM purchased 42 %equity of Daewoo and in 2000,French automaker Renaultpurchased Samsung Motors. InASEAN region, Toyota, Hyundai,Suzuki, GM are major players. Demand Pattern(Domestic andexport) The US producersmainly produce fordomestic market andto some extent forCanadian market. Canada is the largestmarket for U. S. vehicle exports withsubsidiaries of U. S. automakersaccounting for mostof the imports. TheUS big Threecontinues to invest inCanadian market. Consumer demand is the drivingforce for industry in EU. Moremodels, shorter life-cycle is the keyof demand pattern which is similar toUSA. New EU members show anincreasing demand and manyCompanies shifting some of theirproduction base to these countri es. EU is gaining through exporting highvalue services such as design andengineering. Europes bus and truck market isstronger than Asia dominated byplayers like Volvo, Scania andMercedes. Asian market is growing relativelyslowly but steadily in post-financialcrisis period. Asias three coremarkets are Japan, Korea andChina. South East Asian marketsare also growing rapidly.Thecompound average growth rate inASEAN countries is expected to bein the order of 10 to 20 percent until2010 10 percent in India and only4 percent to 8 percent in PRCKorea or Taiwan ,China. In 2010,Japans demand will be around 1/3rdof total East and SE Asian demand. Korea, Thailand play major part inexporting vehicles. AFTA isexpected to increase the regional export market. Restructuring Status of Automobile Industry in 2000 Economics of Automobile Industry Todays global automotive industry is full of opportunities and risks which are everywhere in emerging and mature markets alike.However, profitable growth is becoming more ambitious to achieve due to challenges prevailed from the supply chain to the retail environment. Currently, the automotive industry has too much of everything too much capacity, too many competitors and too much redundancy and overlap. The industry is in the grips of a global price-war. Production Today, the large car manufacturers has a production facility in the different markets and from each platform a car is produced for that market as well as for exports to other markets. Big players in automobile industry do not have just one big factory which exports its products to all other countries.In addition, the products are not identical in each different market. It may have the same technical platform, but the design and the options and features differ between countries. They are different because the demands of customers differ between countries. For example, in South America, incomes are lower than in Western Europe and customers need more affordable cars. In t he USA the customers want more space in the car, and thats an important factor for a car to be successful there. On the contrary, small cars are quite popular in India.It is not possible to be in the high volume market and to send the same cars to every market all over the world. So car makers are researching what their customers want and changing the car for each market otherwise they will loose customers. More and more CKD (completely knocked down) cars are being produced for some countries in smaller volumes. That is often the case if there are barriers to exporting cars to particular countries, and they are only being sold in smaller volumes. With larger markets, where sales of particular models are high, companies really need their own plant which has its own suppliers of parts.Due to sharp competition and changing customer demand, product development process advances have been more significant than changes in product architecture. Product cycles continue to grow shorter as mo re companies adopt the simultaneous engineering approach pioneered by Japanese automakers. At the same time, advances in Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) tools are being used to replace physical prototypes and testing processes. Now, major players (in post M&A situation) take greater responsibility for product design and allow production base to get shifted to advantageous location for low cost.However, still due to lack of standardization, number of tiers at the supply chain is not reduced. Moreover, when design is replicated with modification for physical product development, several domestic issues need to be taken into consideration. These are mainly legal liability, and regulatory procedures. Furthermore, there is a technological move towards modules, i. e. self-contained functional units with standardized interfaces that can serve as building blocks for a variety of differen.

Soft Drinks Sales New Strategies

Sales of soft drinks declined in the US in 2006 for the first time in more than two decades. Many beverages manufacturers became self-made in the past and they are soundless at the top, but they can lose their power un slight they do something to reverse the trend. In this article well try to unwrap new ways to help soft drinks manufacturers to face their biggest challenge of the century. To begin with, it would be a good idea to follow a stretching merchandising strategy by producing a new line of soft drinks which would have been positioned as healthy and not fattening.Many companies introduced new products of the same line less fattening such as Fanta Zero or Pepsi Light, but consumers identify the brands of these products with fat and unhealthy drinks. However, if these manufacturers created new brands with names like Bio or Nature, a particular proposition market segment would be directly targeted and sales would stop their decline. In addition, soft drinks companies could fo llow a different promotion strategy so that their products would construction more fashionable and more modern.By doing this, companies would compensate their sales decrease in one segment by increasing their market share in another one. New consumers would be the ones who drink something while they are in bars or discos and new competitors would be alcohol drinks companies. This promotion strategy could incorporate of advertisements which relate soft drinks with nightlife with new slogans like Welcome to the Coke side of night. Furthermore, product placement in James Bond movies would be a great idea.If Bond changed its Martini for a coke many people would start to see soft drinks with different eyes. To conclude, we should remember that classic soft drinks market is still profitable and new strategies should try to avoid damaging classic products image. Also its necessary to point out that soft drink manufacturers will neer be as powerful as they were before as long as consumers are demanding everyday more sophisticated and concrete products.

Critial Vocab, English Lit a Level

Critical Vocabulary Builder A Abjure To renounce or retr be active clairvoyance form all in ally or infra oath, or solemnly. Abduration The act of renouncing. Ablation The surgical removal of an organ, structure, or commence. Ablate. Ablution The ritual washing of a priests hands. Abnegate (abnegation) To deny to angiotensin-converting enzymeself renounce privileges, pleasure, etc. Abstergent Of cleaning or scouring Abstr intake Not easy to to a lower placestand recondite esoteric. Acalculia psycol. An inability to make simple mathematical calculations. Acumen Quickness of light or discernment shrewdness shown by keen in potty.Adherents Follower, or supporter of. Adjacent Being near or closing, esp. having a common boundary. adjoining contiguous. adjuvant Aiding or assisting. Aesopian Conveying importation by hint, euphemism, innu stopo or the homogeneous. 2) Pertaining to, or characteristic of Aesop or his fables. Aesthetic Broadly peaching, something plea sing, or the study of beauty. Aesthetic outstrip degree of emotional studyment in a work of art. The most obvious compositors case of aesthetic brinytain ( in any case referred to simply as distance) occurs with paintings.Some paintings enquire us to stand back to see the design of the whole painting standing close, we see the technique of the painting, say the brush strokes, hardly non the whole. Other paintings require us to stand close to see the whole their design and e very(prenominal) variants become little clear as we move back from the painting. Similarly, fiction, drama, and poetry involve the reader emotionally to different degrees. Emotional distance, or the lack of it, foundation be seen with children watching a TV program or a depiction it becomes real for them.Writers like Faulkner, the Bronte sisters, or Faulkner pull the reader into their work the reader identifies closely with the characters and is fully involved with the go throughings. Hemingway, on th e separate hand, maintains a greater distance from the reader. Affective Fallacy The error of evaluating a verse form by its solutionsespecially its emotional effectsupon the reader. As a result the poetry itself, as an object of specifically exact judgement, tends to dis place. Alacrity Live berthss or briskness. Alalia Complete inability to speak mutism.Allegory A narrative where characters, actions and sometimes setting atomic number 18 consistently symbolic of something else ( lots philosophical or moral abstractions). Alliteration the exercising, especially in poetry, of the same sound or sounds, especially consonants, at the beginning of several speech that be close unitedly Ambiguity Ambiguity is the quality of having more than than ane meaning does Ameliorate To make or become better improve. Amelioration. unformed Lacking a definite shape formless. 2 Of no recognisable character or shape.Anachronisms Flash backs, jumps forwards. Analogy a compariso n between things which keep up similar features, often employ to help explain a principle or idea Analepis A flash-back Anathema A detested person or thing he is anathema to me 2 A formal ecclesiastical curse of excommunicating. Antonym An antonym is a term opposite in meaning to a nonher(prenominal) intelligence service but similar to it in most other respects. For example, tall and short be opposite in meaning but two are the same separate of speech (adjectives) and would take the same position in a sentence.Aporia An impassable moment or point in a narrative, a hole or opening that produces a hermeneutic analysis. Arbitrarily Founded on or subject to personal whims, prejudices, etc. capricious. 2 Having only congenator application. 3 Of a g all overnment or ruler despotic or dictatorial. Ar bottomlande Requiring individual(a) knowledge to be understood mysterious esoteric. Arrhythmic / arrhythmia Any variation from the normal rhythm of the heart beat. Arriere- pensee An unrevealed mentation or intention. Arriviste A person who is unscrupulously ambitious. Assiduous Hard-working persevering.Assignation A secret or forbidden arrangement to meet esp. between lovers. Attest To affirm the correctness or truth of. Auric Of or containing gold in the trivalent state. Autodidact One who is self-taught. Avarice The getting and tutelage of gold, possessions etc as a purpose to live for. B Ballad relatively short narrative meter, write to be sung, with a simple and dramatic action. The ballads tell of love, death, the supernatural, or a combination of these. Two characteristics of the ballad are incremental repetition and the ballad stanza.Incremental repetition repeats championness or more lines with small but signifi dirty dogt variations that advance the action. The ballad stanza is four lines commonly, the introductory and third lines contain four feet or accents, the second and ordinal lines contain three feet. Ballads often ope n abruptly, present brief descriptions, and use concise dialogue. Baroque A term use by art-historians (at first derogatorily, but now simply descriptively) to a sprint of architecture, sculpture, and painting that developed in Italy at the beginning of the s even up offteenth deoxycytidine monophosphate and then spread to Germ any and other European countries.The style employs the classical forms of the renaissance, but breaks them up and intermingles them to achieve elaborate, horribleiose, energetic, and highly dramatic effects. In Literature, it may signify magniloquent style in verse or prose. Beatitude Supreme blessedness or happiness. Bene eventor A person who supports or helps a person (Beneficiary), institution etc. , esp. by giving m angiotensin converting enzymey patron. Bilious Bad tempered. 2. Hideously green. Blank verse Blank verse is a form based on un versed lines of iambusic pentameter.The verse parts of Shakespeares frolics are blank verse (with excepti ons, such as the witches recipe), as is Miltons Paradise Lost. The form is one that is close to normal speech (indeed, the form is one thats close to normal speech is itself an iambic pentameter) so it break ups a subtle pulse to a poesy, sort of than an obvious shaping as a limerick might. However, there is a tendency in contemporary poetry to use shorter lines, so the form can also sound stately or slow to a current ear.? Bowyer Person or makes or sells archery bows. Bumptious Offensively self-assertive or conceited.C Cadence (Poetry) A fall, in tone, in pitch etc. Catalectic (Poetry) of a line, missing one or more beats. Catechism Instruction by a series of questions and answers esp a book containing such instruction on the unearthly doctrine of the Christian church. 2 Rigorous and persistent questioning, as in a test or interview. Character Characters may be classified as round (three-dimensional, fully developed) or as flat (having only a few traits or only enough traits to fulfil their function in the work) as developing (dynamic) characters or as static characters.Caesura a strong pause at heart a line, and is often found a persistentside enjambment. If all the pauses in the moxie of the poetry were to occur at the line breaks, this could become dull moving the pauses so they occur inside the line creates a musical enliven. Chivalric squelch Developed in 12th Century France, spread and dis determined epic and heroic forms. Climax The height of tensions or suspense in a storys plot where betrothal comes to a peak. Coetaneous Of the same age or period. Coeval Of belonging to the same age or generation. 2) A contemporary.Collocate To group or place together in some system or order. Collusion Secret agreement for a fraudulent purpose connivance conspiracy. Conceit The Meta physical poets of the seventeenth century enjoyed creating especially audacious metaphors and similes to compare very unlike things, and drawing guardianship t o how skilfully they could sustain this comparison this became known as the conceit. The classic example is probably Donnes The Flea, in which a flea-bite is compared to a marriage, and like most conceits, the extended comparison is more nonable for its invention than its believability.Concomitant Existing or occurring together associative. Concord arrangement or harmony between people or nations amity. Confabulate To talk together, to communicate. Confiteor A prayer consisting of a general confession of sinfulness and an entreaty for forgiveness. hell A large destructive fire. Conflagration A large destructive fire. Conflate / Conflation To combine or blend, esp two versions of a text, so as to form a whole. Conflict The part of the plot that establishes an opposition that becomes a point of interest.Can ve an opposition between characters, between character and environment, between elements in a characters personality etc. Conglomerate A thing composed heterogeneous el ements. Conjecture The formation of conclusions from incomplete evidence a guess. Consonance Consonance is the effect of similar speech-sounds organism near each other. Some forms of consonance can be singled out, which are alliteration, where initial sounds matter sibilance, where s and z sounds are enhanced and assonance, where the vowel-sounds of words are in concert.Contiguous Touching along the side or boundary in contact. Convivial Sociable, jovial or festive. Corpulent Physically bulky fat. Coterie A small exclusive group of friends with common interests clique. Coterminous Enclosed within a common boundary. Coterminous Having a common boundary. Couplet A duad is a stanza (or even a poem) consisting of two lines. These need non poetry, nor be the same length, but can be. If there is no enjambment at the end of the second line, it can be called a closed couple (the opposite organism an open bracing), especially if this is a recurring pattern.A closed rhyming coup let in iambic pentameter, especially one which forms a unit of consciousness, is called a heroic couplet many of these can be found in Popes demonstrate on Man. It is also practicable to commence a longer poem whose lines are poetryd in pairs aabbcc etc described as being in rhyming couplets, even if the stanzas are longer than two lines. D Daltonism Colour blindness the inability to distinguish green from red. Damocles Imminent danger in thick of prosperity/ Greek who feasted with sword hung by a hair above his head. De Facto In fact. 2 Existing in fact.De haut en bas In condescending or superior manner. De I gratia By Gods grace. Deambulation Walking. Debacle Break-up of ice on a river/ confused rush or stampede/ collapse, nightfall esp of a government. Debouch (esp. of troops) To move into a more open space, as from a narrow or concealed place. Declarativist Want to show a mystery resolved transparent form has no effect over the shaping of events. Declivous Sloping down. Decrescent Waning, decreasing usually of the moon. Deference Submission to or residence with the bequeath, wishes, etc. of another. Deleterious Noxious physically or morally injurious. Demarcate To mark, fix, or draw the boundaries, limits etc. (Demarcation) the act of establishing limits, boundaries etc. Denouement French for untying, it is the final examination element of the conflict in a plot similar to a resolution, usually very emotional. Devilment Mischief, wild spirits Devilish or queer phenomenon. Dextrous Variant spelling of dexterous Possessing or done with dexterity. Diatribe A bitter or violent criticism or attack denunciation.Dichotomy a difference between two completely opposite ideas or things Dramatic monologue A dramatic monologue is a poem that shares many features with a speech from a play one person speaks, and in that speech there are clues to his/her character, the character of the implied person or people that s/he is speaking to , the situation in which it is spoken and the story that has led to this situation. Ian Duhigs Fundamentals, for example, gives plenty of information about the character of the hapless missionary, about the tone of the meeting, and the colonial fierceness that underpins what is on face value a message of religion.The effect is one of a small poem seeming to leave you with the experience of having seen the whole accept that was packed tightly into it. Dystaxia Lack of muscular co-ordination resulting in shaky limb movements and unsteady gait. E Eclectic Selecting or made up of what seems best of wide-ranging sources. Effervesce To give off bubbles of gas. Egalitarian of relating to, or upholding the doctrine of the equality of mankind and the desirability of political, social, and economic equality. Egregious Outstandingly bad flagrant. Egress (also called egression) the act of going or coming out emergence.Electorate The body of all qualified voters Elegy An elegy is a po em of mourning this is often the poet mourning one person, but the definition also includes Thomas Grays Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard, which mourns all the occupants of that churchyard, and looks into the future to mourn the poets own death. The difference between an elegy and a eulogy is that the latter is a speech given to honour someones best qualities, often (but not necessarily) later on on their death. Endemic Present within or localised area or peculiar to persons in such an area.Enjambement Enjambment is the continuation of a sentence or clause over a line-break. If a poet entrusts all the sentences of a poem to end in the same place as firm line-breaks, a kind of deadening can happen in the ear, and in the brain too, as all the thoughts can end up being the same length. Enjambment is one way of creating audible interest others include caesurae, or having variable line-lengths. Enlightenment The name applied to an intellectual movement and cultural ambiance w hich developed in Western Europe during the seventeenth Century, reaching its height in the 18th century.The common element was a trust in homosexual reason as adequate to solve the decisive problems and to establish the essential norms in life, together with a belief that the application of reason was rapidly dissipating the darkness of superstition, prejudice, and barbarity, was freeing humanity from its earlier reliance on mere authority and unexamined tradition, and had opened the prospect of progress toward a life in this world of universal peace and happiness. See Descartes, Locke, Voltaire, Godwin, Diderot, Franklin, Jefferson.Ephemeral Lasting only for a short time transitory short-lived. Epigone An inferior follower or imitator Epigram An epigram is a short, succinct poem, often with witty (or even vicious) content. Coleridge wrote an epigram to define an epigram What is an epigram? A dwarfish whole, / Its body brevity and wit its soul. It is worth noting that this is a stricter definition than epigrams seem to afford had in classical Greece and Rome, where the form originates it is probably the eighteenth-century fondness for a smart wit and the epigrams of Martial that tightened the definition thus.The preference in contemporary poetry for exploring an issue or else than summing it up means epigrams are not as hot as they were then, but Anne Stevensons On Going Deaf, with its wit, rhyme and definite opinion, is probably the closest example within the Archive. Epigraph An epigraph is a brief bit of text, usually borrowed from another writer, found before a poem, but after the title. (You may also find one at the start of a book, before the poems, but after the title page. ) It gives a reader, or listener, something else to hold in mind as the poem is read.Neither part of the poem, nor wholly separate from it, an epigraph can be used for respective(a) purposes it can be necessary information to understand a poem, for example, or it can be s omething with which the poem disagrees. Epistemophilia The readers desire to know. Ergo Therefore hence. Esoteric Restricted to or intended for an enlightened or initiated minority, esp. because of abstruseness or obscurity an esoteric cult. 2 Difficult to understand abstruse an esoteric statement. 3 Not openly admitted private esoteric aims. Espouse To adopt or give support to.Espy To catch sight of or perceive. Eugenics The study of improving the quality of the human race esp. by selective breeding. Evanescent Passing out of sight fading forward vanishing. Evangelism The practice of sp tuition the Christian gospel. 2 Ardent or missionary zeal for a cause Exegesis Explanation or critical interpretation of a text, esp. of the Bible Exhaustivistic A book must be complete to be reliable is to be complete because lifelike refreshfuls have more item and description per square inch than any other literary form.Expectorant Promoting the secretion, liquefaction, or expu lsion of sputum from the respiratory passing plays. Expediency Appropriateness suitability. 2) The use or inclination towards methods that are advantageous rather than fair. Exposition Provides background on characters, setting, plot. Extant Still existing not yet destroyed, lost or extinct. F Fabula Order of events recounted by the narrative, the real order of the chronological events. Facetious joking or jesting often inappropriately / meant to be humorous or funny not serious.Falsetto A form of vocal production used by male singers to extend their range upwards beyond its natural scope by limiting the vibration of the vocal cords. Fatuous Complacently or inanely foolish. Feminine of an ending (poetry) of one or more un stress beats. excitement Great intensity of feeling or belief. metaphoric Language Language used in a way to achieve some effect beyond literal meaning. See hyperbole, metaphor, personification, simile and synecdoche. Flambeau A burning torch, as use d in night processions.Foil A foil is a secondary character who contrasts with a major character in Hamlet, Laertes and Fortinbras, whose fathers have been killed, are foils for Hamlet. Foot A foot is a unit of metre, consisting of a combination of stressed and unstressed syllables. If stressed syllables are marked / and unstressed u, the main types can be shown thus? Iamb u / , such as delight. (The adjective is iambic. ) Trochee / u , such as badger (Trochaic)? Anapest, or anapaest u u / , such as unaware (Anapestic / anapaestic)?Dactyl / u u , such as multiple (Dactylic) and, more anciently Spondee / / , such as tooth-ache? Pyrrhic u u , such as such as was until it was put in quotation marks. It is important to remember that feet and words need not coincide. The feet in magic trick Heath-Stubbs line, A qat among those mulberry leaves, from The Mulberry Tree appear thus a CAT er PILL ar a MONG those MUL berry LEAVES ? u / u / u u / u / u / That one word cater pillar is scattered across three feet in this five-foot line the first two are iambs, then after a single anapaest there are two further iambs (or one iamb and one more anapaest, depending on whether you say mul-ber-ry or mul-bree). Also note that, although there is an anapaest in the concentre of this line, this is still a predominantly iambic line (especially as it is within a predominantly iambic poem) varying the feet like this can keep a line from getting metrically dull. The process of working out where the stresses fall is called scanning, or scansion.Its easiest to do it on poems where the rhythms are pronounced on the other hand, it can be near-impossible, or simply unhelpful, to scan free verse. The poems suggested below have strongly accented feet, and the links to metre and form go into more detail on how poets use feet. Foregrounding Giving peculiar providence to one element or property of a text, relative to other less discernible tones. Form Form, in poetry, can be understood as the physical structure of the poem the length of the lines, their rhythms, their system of rhymes and repetition.In this sense, it is normally reserved for the type of poem where these features have been shaped into a pattern, especially a familiar pattern. Another sense of form is to refer to these familiar patterns these can be simple and unrestricted forms, such as blank verse, or can be a complex system of rhymes, rhythms and repeated lines within a fixed number of lines, as a sonnet or villanelle is. (This is similar to the word shape asked to think about a shape, you would expect a triangle or a circle, but Alaska too has a shape. ) The difference s visible in Sebastian Barkers poem Holy The Heart On Which We Hang Our Hope the form of this poem shares aspects with another form, the villanelle, but also differs from it in interesting ways, just as its content shares in some aspects of organised faith but not in others. acrostic ? An acrostic poem is one that uses the first letters of each line to spell out a word or phrase. More uncommonly, you can find a word or phrase through the centre of a poem (when it is called a mesostich) or at the end of the lines (which makes it a telestich).If the poem is written so that the first letters and last letters both write out a message, it is known as a double acrostic. CENTO? A poem consisting only of lines from other poems. This, from the Italian word for patchwork, is almost a technique rather than a form, especially as it can be of any length, and any metre, and need not rhyme however, as the finished poem is referred to as a cento, just as a sonnet is called a sonnet, it is a form. CLERIHEW?Named after its inventor, this is a four-line poem rhymed aabb its first line is the name of the subject of the poem, it often breaks into two sentences at the end of the second line, and the rhythm tends to be entertainingly irregular. DOUBLE-DACTYL? This one is normally reserved for nonsense verse. 8 lines, all consisting of two dactyls (hence the name). Line 1 is a nonsense word (such as higgledy-piggledy), line 2 is someones name, line 6 is a single six-syllable word, and lines 4 and 8 rhyme. OTTAVA RIMA?A stanza form often used for longer poems, most famously in Byrons Don Juan, consisting of eight lines, usually in iambic pentameter, rhymed abababcc. PANTOUM? This can be of any length it is a poem of four-line stanzas, in which the second and quartern lines of one stanza become the first and third of the next. The last stanzas second and fourth lines can be the first and third of the first stanza, either reversed or not, which locks the poem into a circle of repetitions or, as the poet Marilyn Hacker says, until it ends up with its tail in its mouth. ? SPENSERIAN STANZA? 8 lines of iambic pentameter, followed by 1 iambic hexameter (or alexandrine) rhyme scheme ababbcbccc. This is the stanza invented by Spenser in The Faerie Queene. TERZA RIMA? A poem in which each stanza is rhymed aba, with the inner rhyme from one stanza providing the outer rhymes for either the former or subsequent stanza aba bcb cdc or aba cac dcd. The form can end in a single-line stanza, a couplet, or by referring back to the as-yet-unused rhyme from the first stanza.Free compose What free verse claims to be free from is the constraints of regular metre and fixed forms. This makes the poem free to find its own shape according to what the poet or the poem wants to say, but still allows him or her to use rhyme, alliteration, rhythms or cadences (etc) to achieve the effects that s/he feels are appropriate. There is an implicit constraint, however, to resist a regular metre in free verse a run of a regular metre will stand out awkwardly in an other free poem.Sometimes known as vers libre, free verse has a long pedigree and is very common in contemporary poetry. Yet there are still voices that claim poetry is only poetry when it is formal verse, and would agree with Robert F rost who, when asked about free verse, verbalise Id just as soon play tennis with the net down. Fans of free verse can counter with T S Eliots insisting that no vers is libre for the man who wants to do a uncorrupted job the net may be down, but this allows a poet (of either gender) to play to different rules.Simon Armitages Youre Beautiful, for example, creates for himself a set of rules that includes repeated words at the starts of phrases, rather than a structure of repeated sounds at the end of lines. G Garish Gay or colourful in a crude or usual manner. Garner To gather or store in or as if in a granary Gendarme A member of the police force of France or in countries formerly influenced or controlled by France. Germane describes ideas or information connected with and important to a particular subject or situation e. her remarks could not have been more germane to the discussion. Ghazal Mimi Khalvati, whose poem Ghazal is the only poem so far to use a ghazal form in th e Archive, defines it at the start of her reading of it Ghazals are an old Persian form, and theyre written in self-contained couplets with a monorhyme, sometimes one- (or two- or three-) word repeated phrase, like a refrain, and the last couplet is a signature couplet, in which the writer has to refer to themselves by name, or pseudonym, or by using some kind of wordplay on their name. In her ghazal, the repeated word is me, the rhyme is on through, woo, cue, tattoo and so on, and the signature is in the reference to being twice the me, or Mimi. ? standardized the haiku, the age of the form the ghazal can be traced back through a millennium and its translation into the side of meat dustup mean that the rules have had significant variations over time. You may find some definitions insist that the subject of a ghazal should be love, and others that let the rhyme move to be earlier in the line than Khalvatis positioning of it conterminously before the refrain.Some insist that ea ch couplet should be complete in itself, meaning that each stanza ends on a full stop, and can therefore have only a thematic connection to those either side. There are even some that do without the refrain, but these appear rare. The closed couplets, however, appear to be a necessity to the form. Gimcrack Cheap shoddy. Grandiloquent Inflated, pompous or bombastic in style or expression. Grandiose Pretentiously grand or stately. Imposing in conception or execution. H Haiku A haiku is a brief Japanese form that has been adapted into English in dissimilar ways.Its usual definition is that it is a three-line poem, consisting of seventeen syllables split 5 7 5. Other criteria (such as a zen mood, a reference to a season, or the poem being divided by a word that implies some form of cutting) may be demanded, and may even replace the strict syllable count. John Stallworthy considers Ezra Pounds In a Station of the Metro a haiku, as, although it has only two lines and considerably m ore than 17 syllables, it has the brief and direct presentation of an image that many haiku have.Hermeneutics The possible action of interpretation, concerned with general problems of understanding the meaning of the texts. Heterogeneous Comprised of unrelated or differing parts or elements. Heteroglossia To describe the variety of voices and row found within a novel, and multiple references found in a single voice. Hoary Having grey or white hair. 2 White or whitish in colour. fashion model A miniature man midget. 2 Early biological theory that a miniature man existed in fully-formed in the spermatozoon or egg.Hyperbole Figurative language that uses exaggeration for emphasis, like Im starving when you havent eaten in four hours, or Ive been waiting forever when thats impossible because you probably were born at some point, and forever was happening a long time before you were born. I Impeccant Not go against free from sin. Iambic pentameter Iambic pentameter is the nam e given to a line of verse that consists of five iambs (an iamb being one unstressed syllable followed by one stressed, such as before).It has been a fundamental building block of poetry in English, used in many poems by many poets from the English Renaissance to the present day. ?As with any metre, it is not necessary that every line should be entirely slavish in following the rhythm in fact, being so could make the poem sound dull. Swapping, dropping or adding stressed and unstressed syllables will lend variety to a line without changing the underlying rhythm. Poems in iambic pentameter may or may not rhyme.Those that are written in continuous lines of unrhymed iambic pentameter are verbalise to be in blank verse, while rhyming couplets in iambic pentameter may be called heroic couplets, particularly when each couplet closes a thought or sentence on its second line. Iconoclast Someone who attacks established or traditional concepts, principles, laws etc. 2 Destroyer of religiou s images or set apart images. Ides (in the Roman calendar) the 15th day in March, May, July, and October and the 13th day of each other month.Idiolect The variety or form or form of a language used by an individual. Idiopathy Any disease of unknown cause. Illusionist Everything we need to make things happen, and that cause events are all present in the novel all the causes and events can be traced. Imagery Imagery is the name given to the elements in a poem that spark off the senses. Despite image being a synonym for picture, images need not be only visual any of the five senses (sight, hearing, touch, taste, smell) can respond to what a poet writes.Examples of non-visual imagery can be found in Ken Smiths In Praise of Vodka, where he describes the drink as having the taste of air, of wind on fields, / the wind through the long wet forest, and James Berrys Seashell, which puts the ocean sighs right in a listeners ear. A poet could simply state, say, I see a tree, but it is pos sible to conjure up much more specific images using techniques such as simile (a tree like a spiky missile), metaphor (a green cloud riding a pole) or synechdoche (bare, black branches) each of these suggests a different kind of tree.Techniques, such as these, that can be used to create hefty images are called figurative language, and can also include onomatopoeia, metonymy and personification. One of the great pleasures of poetry is discovering a particularly super male monarchful image the Imagists of the early 20th century felt it was the most important aspect, so were devoted to finding strong images and presenting them in the clearest language possible. Of course, not every poem is an Imagist poe Immitigable Unable to be mitigated relentless unappeasable.Impasse A situation in which progress is blocked an insurmountable difficulty. Impasto Paint applied thickly, so that brush and palette knife marks are evident. The technique of applying paint in this way. Impecunious W ithout money, penniless. Impediments A hindrance or obstruction. Imprecate To swear and curse, to blaspheme. In the Middle Ages one hour was equal to 480 ounces of sand, or 22,560 atoms. Inchoate Just beginning incipient. 2 Undeveloped immature rudimentary.Incommode To bother, disturb, or inconvenience. Incommunicado Deprived of communication with other people, as while in solitary confinement. Incontrovertible Incapable of being contradicted or disputed undeniable. Indeterminacy The unknowable, undecidable, uncertain, or ambiguous in a text. Indeterminacy is related to gaps in a text, but are less obviously identifiable and are a quality of a reading or interpretation, not just the text. Indign Undeserving, unworthy.Innocuous Having little or no adverse or harmful effect harmless. Innominate Having no name nameless. Irony At its most basic, a difference or gap between the presentation/representation of something and its reality. In other words, when what something appear s to be and what it is are not the same. Irony can be pursue or detached Engaged irony uses the gaps between reality and representation to make a point or expose something detached irony exploits gaps for immediate effect, like humor, satire or surface criticism.Irony can also occur at different levels of a text for instance, verbal irony would occur at the level of the word or sentence, where double meanings come into play dramatic irony would occur at the level of the plot, where events and action are constructed in a way to take the reader in one direction while the reality is something else (a technique often found with 1st person unreliable narrators and tertiary person privileged narrators). Insuperable Incapable of being overcome. Interlocutor A person who takes part in a conversation. Internecine Mutually destructive or ruinous maiming both or all sides internecine war.Interpolate To insert or introduce (a comment, passage, etc) into (a conversation, text, etc). 2 To f alsify or alter (a text, manuscript etc) by the later addition of spurious or worthless passages. Interpolation The act of interpolating. Intertextuality In a text, implied references to orimplied influences from another text. This concept allows a reader to make links between genres, and to see how themes, plot, etc. may develop or change in relation or in light of that other text. Intractable / intractableness Difficult to influence or direct difficult to solve (of problem).Intransigent Not willing to compromise obstinate obstinately maintaining an attitude. Irascible Prone to anger considerably provoked to anger hot-tempered. Invidious Incurring or tending to arouse resentment, unpopularity etc. 2) unfair or offensively discriminating. Inviolable That must not or cannot be transgressed, dishonoured, or broken to be kept sacred. Irony the discrepancy between what is give tongue to and what is meant, what is said and what is done, what is expected or intended and what happe ns, what is meant or said and what others understand.Sometimes irony is classified into types in situational irony, expectations aroused by a situation are reversed in cosmic irony or the irony of fate, bad luck is the result of fate, chance, or God in dramatic irony. the listening knows more than the characters in the play, so that words and action have additional meaning for the listening Socratic irony is named after Socrates teaching method, whereby he assumes ignorance and openness to opposing points of view which bend out to be (he shows them to be) foolish. J Joskin Country bumpkin.Juxtaposition an act or instance of placing close together or side by side, esp. for comparison or contrast. 2) the state of being close together or side by side Juxtaposition when two contrasting ideas, images, phrases, descriptions are placed close together to emphasise their differences. K Kenning A kenning is a much-compressed form of metaphor, originally used in Anglo-Saxon and Norse p oetry. In a kenning, an object is described in a two-word phrase, such as whale-road for sea. Some kennings can be more obscure than others, and then grow close to being a riddle.Judith Nicholls Bluebottle uses kennings as part of a larger poem, that is itself a riddle Andrew Fusek barbs and Polly Peters go further, building a pair of poems both consisting entirely of kennings. Kunstlerroman Development of the artist through a novel similar in some respects to the Bildungsroman. L Lacustrine Of, evolution in or dwelling in lakes. Lagan Goods or wreckage on the seabed. Langrage Shot used to damage rigging. Laniferous Wool bearing. Larceny A technical word for theft (Larcenous). Larrikin Rowdy street hooligan.Lepidopterist A person who collects or studies moths and butterflies. Lugubrious Excessively mournful doleful. Lyric Poetrya short poem with one speaker (not necessarily the poet) who expresses thought and feeling. Though it is sometimes used only for a brief poem abou t feeling (like the sonnet). it is more often applied to a poem expressing the complex evolution of thoughts and feeling, such as the elegy, the dramatic monologue, and the ode. The emotion is or seems personal In classical Greece, the lyric was a poem written to be sung, accompanied by a lyre. MMaculation A pattern of spots as on certain plants and animals. Maelstrom A large powerful whirlpool 2) Any turbulent confusion. Magniloquent (of speech) Lofty in style. Malaise A feeling of unease, mild sickness, or depression. Manumit To free from slavery, servitude, etc. emancipation. Manumission. Manumitter. soupy Foolishly tearful or sentimental, as when drunk. Maunder To move, talk, or walk aimlessly or idly. Maundy The ceremony of washing the feet of the poor. (Christianity). Mawkish Falsely sentimental, esp. in a weak or maudlin way. Melliferous Forming or producing honey.Meretricious Superficially or garishly attractive. 2 Insincere meretricious praise. Metafictional Fiction about fiction or more esp a kind of fiction that openly comments on its own fictional status. Metaphor An expression which describes a person or object in a literary way by referring to something that is considered to have similar characteristics to the person or object you are trying to describe. (Noun) Metre Metre is from the Greek word for measuring at its most basic, metre is a system of describing what we can meter about the audible features of a poem.The systems that have been used in write up to structure metres are the number of syllables (syllabic) the duration of syllables ( duodecimal) the number of stressed syllables, or accents (accentual) and combinations of the above. English is not a language that works easily in quantitative metre (although this has not stopped people trying), and it has developed an accentual-syllabic metre for its formal verse. This means that, in a formal poem, the poet will be counting the syllables, the stresses, and keeping them to a pattern.To describe the pattern, the stressed and unstressed syllables are gathered into groups known as feet, and the number of feet to a line gives a name thus 1 foot monometer? 2 feet dimeter? 3 feet t jibeter? 4 feet tetrameter? 5 feet pentameter? 6 feet hexameter? 7 feet heptameter? 8 feet octameter Lines of less than 3 or more than 6 feet are rare in formal poems. The pattern of the syllables within a foot is also noted. A foot that is one unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one, for example, is an iamb three of these in a row would be an iambic trimeter, while five make the famous iambic pentameter.All the common feet are outlined under Foot in the glossary. Like the rhythm in a piece of music, the metre is an underlying structure. Poets often slip in extra feet, or remove them, or change stress patterns around to prevent monotony, like playing rubato. (Sometimes a poem seems to be exploring how far a line can be pushed without losing all connection with the underly ing metre. ) This means that the discovery of a foot other than an iamb in the middle of what is otherwise iambic, say, does not stop the poem from being ambic rather the attention ends up lingering at that point, so the word on the different foot ends up more powerful as it has the attention longer. An example of this can be found in Peter Dales Half-Light he writes Im trying not to give another glance. / Lit window thirty old age back up that path. The first line is a perfectly regular iambic pentameter, but the second introduces an extra stress on Lit, so that what the speakers trying not to be drawn to seems more powerful, perhaps helping us empathise with him when he does look back and catch her eye an rank.Metonymy where one term is used in place of something else that it is related to or often associated with like saying the White House for the president, or Hollywood for the American film industry. Mimetic Mimics the real world the text behaves formally in a way to repo rt the world outside. You look at objects and describe how the physical senses receive them. Mithridate A substance believed to be an antidote to every poison and a cure for every disease. Mitigated To make or become less severe or harsh.Mobius Strip A one sided continuous surface, made by twisting a long narrow rectangular strip of stuff through 180 and joining the ends. Mobocracy Rule or domination by a mob. Modernism Loosely, a term referring to observational and avant- garde trends in literature and other arts in the early 20th century, which resulted from conscious rejections of traditional 19th century artistic conventions like realism and traditional verse forms. Some of the experimental forms include symbolism, expressionism, and surrealism, and some narrative innovations include stream-of-consciousness and multiple points of view.A problematic term, since we are always already in the modern moment. Morass Swamp something that entangles, impedes or confuses. undynam ic Near-death, stagnant, without force or vitality. Moribundity, moribundly. Munificent Very liberal in giving or bestowing very generous lavish. Myopia / Myopic Inability to see nonadjacent objects clearly because images are focused in front of the retina. N Nacreous Relating to or consisting of mother-of-pearl. 2) Having the lustre of mother-of-pearl. Naturalism Is sometimes claimed to give a more faultless depiction of life than realism.It is a mode of fiction that was developed by a school of writers in accordance with a particular philosophical thesis. The thesis, a product of post-Darwinian biology in the nineteenth century, held that human beings exist entirely in the order of nature and does not have a soul nor any mode of participating in a religious or spiritual world beyond the natural world and therefore, that such a being is merely a higher-order animal whose character and behaviour are entirely determined by two kinds of forces, heredity and environment.A person inherits compulsive instincts especially hunger, and the drive to pull in possessions, and sexuality and is then subject to the social and economic forces in the family, the class, and the milieu into which that person is born. The novel is organized in a mode of a scientific experiment on the behaviour of the characters it depicts. Naturalist writers try to present their subjects with scientific objectivity and with elaborate documentation, sometimes including an almost medical frankness about activities and corporeal functions usually unmentioned in earlier literature.They tend to choose characters that exhibit a strong animalistic drive towards greed and sexual desire and who are befuddled victims both of glandular excretions and of sociological pressures without. The end is usually tragic, not in the Elizabethan sense, but of a losing struggle of the individual mind and will against gods, enemies, and circumstances. kind of the help is a pawn to multiple compulsions, and usually disintegrates or is wiped out. OObdurately/ Obdurate Not easily moved by feelings or supplication hard-hearted, impervious to persuasion, esp moral persuasion. Objectivist Humans are treated as objects subjects should be treated as objects. Occlude To block up or stop up (a passage or opening). Ode An ode is a lyric poem, usually addressing a particular person or thing. It originated in Ancient Greece, and the Pindaric ode (so-called because it was written by the Theban poet Pindar, 518 ? 442 BC) was based on a pattern of three stanzas called the strophe, antistrophe and epode.It was performed by a chorus, which walked along one side of the orchestra chanting the strophe and down the other side chanting the antistrophe, then came to a standstill before the audience and chanted the epode. This performance was repeated with each set of three stanzas. The Horatian ode (invented by the Latin poet Horace in about 65 BC) was pick out in the early 19th century by John Keats f or one of his most famous poems, Ode to a Nightingale. Many modern odes, however, are irregular in form, such as Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood by William Wordsworth.While the ode does not necessarily have a regular metre or fixed rhyme scheme, Kit Wrights banteringly Ode to Didcot Power Station uses both as well as a repertoire of old-fashioned language to parody the lofty style traditionally associated with this form. As Wright says in his introduction, if youre going to have an ode, why not go the whole hog? Oeuvre A work of art, literature, music etc. Oligarchy Government by a small group of people. Olivaceous Of an olive colour. Onomatopoeia Onomatopoeia is the forming and use of words and phrases to mitate or suggest the sounds they describe, such as bang, whisper, cuckoo, splash and fizz. Onomatopoeia is one of the resources of language more often used by poets than prose writers this is because poetry is made for the ear as well as t he eye, and depends more heavily than prose does on sound-effects. Spike Milligans On the Ning Nang Nong makes heavy use of onomatopoeia, but it can play a role in classic poetry too an example is the use of Crashd to describe the noise of battle in Tennysons The Charge of the Heavy Brigade.Opulence Having or indicating wealth. Abundant or plentiful. Overslaugh To pass over or disregard (a person) by giving a promotion, position, etc, to another instead. Oxymoron Oxymoron is a figure of speech in which two terms appear to contradict each other. Some examples have become so familiar that we hardly notice the contradiction, eg earsplitting silence. The word comes from the Greek oxus (sharp) and moros (foolish). P Paladins One of the legendary twelve peers of Charlemagnes court. 2) A knightly champion.Parody Parody is the imitation of the style of another work, writer or genre, which relies on deliberate exaggeration to achieve comic or satirical effect. It is usually necessary to be familiar with the original in order to calculate the parody, though some parodies have become better known than the poems they imitate. Pastiche A work of art that mixes styles, materials etc. 2) A work of art that imitates the style of another artist or period. Pathos Pathos is part of a poem or other work of art which makes the reader or audience feel sorrow or pity.The Greek word pathos means suffering. Pathos is a key skill for any writer, and a highly in force(p) feature of many poems, often in those cases where it is somewhat restrained or understated. Poetry has a special reputation for being able to move us. On the other hand, a clumsy or exaggerated attempt at pathos can result instead in bathos or over-sentimentality or make the reader feel manipulated. Pedant A person who relies too much on academic learning or who is concerned chiefly with unnoticeable detail. Pedantry The habit or an instance of being a pedant, esp. in the display of useless knowledge or mi nute observance of petty rules or details. peregrinate To travel or wander about from place to place. Peripatetic Of or relating to the teachings of Aristotle (384-322B. C. ), Greek philosopher who used to teach whilst walking about. Peripeteia, Peripetia (esp. in drama) an abrupt turn of events or reversal. Persona A persona is a fictional character. Sometimes the term means the mask or alter-ego of the author it is often used for first person works and lyric poems, to distinguish the writer of the work from the character in the work.Personification in which a concept, idea, object or animal is given human qualities (think of every Bugs Bunny cartoon you ever saw). Perspicuity The quality of being perspicuous. Perspicuous (of speech or writing) easily understood lucid. Pertinacious Doggedly steadfast in purpose or belief unyielding. Planchette A heart-shaped board on wheels with a pencil attached that writes messages under supposed spirit guidance. bromide A trite, dul l or obvious remark or statement common place. 2 Staleness or insipidity of thought or language triteness.Pogroms An organised persecution or extermination of an ethnic group, esp of Jews. Polemic Of or involving dispute or controversy. Politburo The executive and policy-making committee of a communist party. politic Artful or shrewd ingenious a politic manager. Pollard An animal, such as a sheep or deer, that has either shed its horns or antlers or has had them removed. Polled (of animals) having the horns cut off or being naturally hornless. Pollinosis Technical name for hay fever. Polymath A person of great and varied learning.Posit To assume or put forward as fact or the factual basis for an argument postulate. Postmodernism Involves not only the continuation, sometimes carried to an extreme, of the countertraditional experiments of modernism, but also attempts to break away form the modernist forms which had, inevitably, become conventional, as well as to overthrow t he elitism of modernist high art by recourse to the models of mass culture in film, television, newspaper cartoons, and popular music. Prescience nowledge of events before they take place foresight. Presentiment A sense of something about to happen.Probabilistic Gives us a sample that seems most probable it gives us a slice of life it makes sure we feel this is a typical representation of the world therefore when they do something out of the norm it is significant. (Humanist tradition = man is the measure of all things). Realism creates situations where humans control everything otherwise it exceeds the realms of probability. Prolepses Slowing down/ speeding up of events and other distortions of the linear sequence. Prolix Wordy, extending to great length. 2) Tending to speak or write at excessive length.Propitious Presenting favourable circumstances or conditions. 2) Favourably inclinded gracious benevolent. Prose poetry A prose poem is a poem that does not use line breaks. This still allows the poet to use alliteration, metaphor, ambiguity, personification, and many other poetic techniques, but it can still be strange to see a poem that goes all the way to the right-hand margin. One thing that may differentiate a prose poem from a very short story is that the latter will have a stronger preference for narrative than the former, but this is very much debatable.John Ashberys For John Clare is a good example, one that explores the contrast between openness and containment as John Clare was a poet who was devoted to nature, but locked in an asylum, it could be suggested that it is very appropriate to see the subject explored without the containment that line-endings would give. Prosody The study and notation of metre. Protagonist The protagonist is the main character, who is not necessarily a hero or a heroine. The antagonist is the opponent the antagonist may be society, nature, a person, or an aspect of the protagonist.The antihero, a recent type, lac ks or seems to lack heroic traits. Providence Is the idea that good can come out of evil. Purulent Of relating to, or containing pus. Q R blatant (of voices or cries) Harshly or hoarsely load. Reactionary Reactionist of relating to or characterised by reaction, esp against radical political or social change. Realism Realistic fiction is said to oppose Romanticism. The romance is said to present life as we would have it be more picturesque, fantastic, adventurous, or heroic than actuality realism is said to present life as it really is.Realistic fiction is written to give the effect that it represents real life and the social world as it appears to the common reader, evoking the sense that the characters actually exist, and that such things might actually happen. Techniques used include the use of the commonplace everyday setting, represented in minute detail. Events, whether ordinary or eccentric are all rendered in the same matter-of-fact, circumstantial and seemingly unse lective way. Recondite Difficult to understand abstruse. ) concerned with obscure subject matter. Refrain A refrain is a repeated part of a poem, particularly when it comes either at the end of a stanza or between two stanzas. Sebastian Barkers The Uncut Stone has a traditional refrain, consisting of two rhymed sentences that never change at the end of each stanza James Fenton uses a slightly looser type of refrain in In Paris With You, where the title returns at the end of almost every stanza, but with slight additions so that it continues the sentence of which it is a part.Some forms, such as villanelles, demand a refrain as part of their definitions. With every line repeated, a pantoum might be said to be made entirely of refrains, but this would be an unusual usage, as refrains tend to be thought of as a moment of repetition within an otherwise flowing poem. Regicidal The person who kills a king. Regicide The killing of a king. Requiem A mass celebrated for the dead 2 Any piece of music composed or performed as a memorial to a dead person or persons.Rhyme Rhyme is the repetition of the end-sounds of words. Examples include Valerie Blooms use of tramp and camp in The River, Roger McGoughs use of breath and death in Oxygen, and Peter Porters rhyme of a single-syllable word with a polysyllable, stars with particulars, in So, Francis, Wheres the Sun? . Each of these is an example of end-rhyme, which means the rhyme occurs at the end of a line, but rhyme can also happen within a line, where it is known as internal rhyme.A rhyme on a stressed syllable, as in the examples above, is sometimes referred to as masculine rhyme its counterpart, feminine rhyme, is made up of a stressed syllable followed by one or more unstressed syllables, such as fishes and wishes in Charles Causleys At the British War Cemetery, Bayeux. These near-exact repetitions of end-sounds are known as full rhyme (sometimes as perfect, true or exact rhyme).There are also various forms of near-rhymes (half-rhymes, slant-rhymes, pararhymes), which are not exact repetitions, but are close enough to resonate, as David Harsents use of supper and blubber as rhymes in Marriage XVI, or P J Kavanaghs happy / Cavafy in Perfection Isnt Like A Perfect Story. Further types of rhyme include eye-rhyme, which looks like it should rhyme but doesnt (e. g. through / although), and rime riche, in which the words that rhyme sound identical (e. g. hare / hair).Rhyme can be used purely for its own sake, because it sounds good, but there may also be further reasons for example, the form of terza rima has overlapping rhymes that give the poem forward motion, as in George Szirtes Preston North End, each stanzas middle line giving the rhyme for the outer two lines of the next stanza. The breath / death rhyme, noted above, is not only nice in the ears but resonates because these two concepts are linked, as they are in the poem. Ribald / Ribaldry Coarse, obscene, or licentious, usually in a hu morous or mocking way SSacrosanct Very sacred or holy inviolable. Sadomasochism The combination of sadistic and masochistic elements in one person, characterised by both aggressive and submissive periods in relationships with others. Sagittal Resembling an arrow straight. Sagittate Shaped like the head of an arrow (esp. , of leaves). Salacious Lustful, lecherous. Salient Prominent, conspicuous, or a striking salient feature. Sallow (human skin) Of an unhealthy yellow. Salutary Salubrious (healthy) producing good effects beneficial. saprophagous (of animals or plants) feeding on dead organic matter.Sardonic Characterised by satire, mockery, or derision (sardonically). Sasquatch (In Canadian folklore) In British Columbia, a hairy beast or manlike monster said to leave huge footprints. Scansion The individual metrical pattern of a particular line or poem. Schism The division of a group into opposing factions. 3 Division within or separation from an established church especially the Roman Catholic Church, not necessarily involving differences in doctrine. Self-reflexive A term applied to literary works that openly reflect upon their own processes of artful composition how they are written put together.Senescence / senescent 1) evolution Old 2) Characteristic of old age. Sententious Characterised or full of aphorisms, terse, pithy sayings, or axioms, tending to indulge in pompous moralising. Sentient / Sentience Having power of sense perception or sensation, conscious. Sestina A sestina is a form that uses six six-line stanzas, each using the same six words at the end of its lines in different orders, followed by an envoi of three lines using two of those words to each line. They tend to be written in iambic pentameter, and without rhyme.Later sestinas sometimes allow homophones such as hare and hair for the repeat words, or even looser interpretations. Simile (The use of) an expression comparing one thing with another, always including t he words as or like. (noun) Sjuzhet How the events are arranged and related to the narrative sequence. Solecism The non-standard use of a grammatical construction. 2) A violation of good manners. Solipsism / solipsist / solipsistic Philosophy the extreme form of scepticism which denies the opening night of any knowledge other than ones own existence. onnet A sonnet, in English poetry, is a poem of fourteen lines, usually in iambic pentameter, that has one of two regular rhyme schemes although there are a couple of exceptions, and years of experimentation that have loosened this definition. One of these schemes is known as the Petrarchan, after the Italian poet Petrarch it consists of a group of eight lines, rhymed abbaabba, followed by a group of six lines with different rhymes. The distribution of these rhymes can vary, including cdcede, cdecde, cdedce, or even cdcdcd.Often, at the point where the eight-line section, known as the octave, turns into the six-line section, or s estet, there is a volta, from the Italian for turn this is a shift in the poems tone, subject or logic that gains power from (or demands? ) the matching shift in its structure. The Shakespearean sonnet breaks into three quatrains, followed by a couplet, rhymed abab cdcd efef gg as the name suggests, this is the form Shakespeare used for his sonnets, although he did not invent it. In Shakespeares usage, the three quatrains tend to make an argument in three stages, which the couplet will sum up or comment on.The main exceptions are the curtal sonnet, a form invented by Gerard Manley Hopkins that roughly maintains the 86 ratio over a ten-and-a-half line poem, and the Meredithian sonnet of 16 lines. The fact that these are still referred to as a curtal and a Meredithian sonnet, however, shows that they are not (yet? ) considered sonnets per se. There are also innumerable individual exceptions to the form a poet may refer to a poem as a sonnet because it meets some of the descriptions above, or even just because s/he says so.This means that life history a poem a sonnet is not necessarily to define it strictly, but to say that it stands in relation to the long tradition of sonnets. Specious evidently correct or true, but actually wrong or false. 2 Deceptively attractive in appearance. Spelunker A person whose hobby is the exploration of caves. Spurious Not genuine or real. 2 Having the appearance of another part but differing from it in origin (of plants). Stanza A stanza is a group of lines within a poem the blank line between stanzas is known as a stanza break.Like lines, there is no set length to a stanza or an insistence that all stanzas within a poem need be the same length. However, there are names for stanzas of certain lengths two-line stanzas are couplets three-lines, tercets four-lines, quatrains. (Rarer terms, like sixains and quatorzains, are very rarely used. ) Whether regular or not, the visual effect and, sometimes, the aural effect is one of uniting the sense of the stanza into one group, so poets can either let their sentences fit neatly within these groups, or create flow and tension by enjambing across the stanza breaks.Stentorian (of the voice) uncommonly loud. Stress Stress is the emphasis that falls on certain syllables and not others the arrangement of stresses within a poem is the foundation of poetic rhythm. The process of working out which syllables in a poem are stressed is known as scansion once a metrical poem has been scanned, it should be possible to see the metre. By way of example, the word produce can be pronounced with the stress on either syllable a farmer may proDUCE carrots, which a greengrocer will sell as PRODuce.Similarly, the differently placed stress is what separates the English and American pronunciations of defence. Longer words may have more than one stress photography, for example, is stressed on both -tog- and -phy. In some places, including the Oxford English Dictionary, a differen ce is drawn between