Memory Reconstruction and False Memories Research Paper Example

Memory Reconstruction and False Memories Paper There are a number of serious social problems in the society today which include childhood sexual abuse among other crimes. When these occur, sometimes it is possible for the memories to be hidden in the unconscious as the mind tends to block scary episodes of abuse or the whole of childhood and resurface later in adulthood. The quality of these memories differ from one individual to the other, where they can be detailed and vivid or very faint sometimes and mostly tell of events occurring in early childhood or adolescence. At times, these memories are thought not to be true but just a recollection of the things said by others. Recovered Memory Therapy (RMT), which was initially used, has been found to lack proper validity and is therefore termed as toxic therapy (Robinson, 2008). The following paper will discuss false memory in relation to recent research performed concerning it. False Memory One of the most haunting psychological experiences is repression which occurs when the mind pushes shocking experience to an inaccessible unconscious position. At times, however this may later reoccur into consciousness as a condition referred to as false memory syndrome which is defined as the memory of an imagined event normally traumatic and previously occurring (Stedmans medical dictionary, 2006). False memories occur as a byproduct of the cognitive system functioning in the effort to escape from self awareness. A good example is the occurrence of some memories of childhood sexual abuse after repression for about 20 to 40 years which led to suing of alleged perpetrators who were mainly family members and household workers (Loftus, 1993). We will write a custom essay sample on Memory Reconstruction and False Memories specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Memory Reconstruction and False Memories specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Memory Reconstruction and False Memories specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Although the authenticity of regressed memory is questioned, the details and confidence often associated with it form the basis of psychoanalysis and is used in an increasing number of civil law suits. This is because childhood is an important concept of psychoanalysis as it is the stage of attachment and forms an example that sets an emotional stage of later relationships (Braun, Ellis, Loftus, 2002). In addition, the symptoms associated such as inflicted injury also add up as evidence. Through counseling and therapeutic intervention, normally the memories resurface when the victims enter psychotherapy due to various related factors. In these circumstances the therapists use RMT to recover memories that involve various recollections of real events which happened during childhood. It is based on the belief traumatic memories like sexual abuse in childhood are forgotten or repressed and recovered during therapy (Robinson, 2008). From these clinical points it was noted that repression constituted overwhelming and obvious proof hence accurate. However, some psychiatrics dispute these theories terming them as empirical and lack experimental scientific confirmation. Some controversies also arise when accused deny the charges by the adults resulting in the questioning about who is telling the truth and who is lying (Loftus, 1993). Generation of False Memory The accuracy of these memories might be deter red by internally derived defense mechanism such as fantasy, illusions, and screen memories that are mediated by hallucinations, borrowed ideas, characters and myths or externally derived from a therapist’s or special relation’s unintentional suggestion implantation. Moreover, popular writings which influence the creation of memories through the steps they provide and suggestions of a therapist, who at times do not take no for an answer and use dreams, often lead to the creation of theses memories. Additionally, they inclusion of age regression, guided visualization, writing in trance, body work and hypnosis and the fact that therapy takes place in private makes it difficult to follow what takes place (Loftus E. , 1995). This is depicted in a study conducted by Loftus and Pickrell, (Macrae et. al. , 2002 ) where most participants were persuaded by their suggestions and encouraged on having done a particular thing in their childhood such as getting lost in a shopping center and being rescued by an aged person. Most of the people then elaborated and produced evidence on these false experiences uniquely, thus creating alternatives to reality. Such instances include memory of non existent objects or totally different situations. Marketers, through advertising can also cause the creation of such memories by taking advantage of the memory’s reconstructive nature (Robinson, 2008). In this way, a consumer may think that he has participated in an event whereas they only viewed an advert of the event (Macrae et. al. , 2002 ). Due to the impact of false memories especially when used in courts, a number of investigations have been done concerning creation of false memory through exposure to misinformation which causes distortion to the memory. These evidences have been provided by private investigators that go undercover into offices of therapists pretending to be patients. Although all recovered memories may not be authentic, it is not true to say that they are all false. According to new research, recovered memory is a very extraordinary condition which should only be believed if clear evidence is presented. Researchers argue that most of them are not related to real events. Generally, it is believed that memories of occurrences before the age of 2 years cannot be recovered as they cannot be remembered into adulthood while those below the age of three years are uncommon and unreliable. Therefore, claims of some adults about occurrences related to abuse below the age of six months are absolutely unfounded hence false memory. It has also been discovered that people who experience abuse after the ages of four or five rarely forget them. In addition, studies performed on people who have suffered terrible childhood abuse such as kidnapping and watching their parents’ killing reflect their desire to forget them without success as opposed regression (Braun, Ellis, Loftus, 2002). Conclusion The performance of unproven and experimental RMT on clients led to numerous destroyed families which were never recovered hence a lot of human suffering and preventable suicide which could have been avoided through proper and careful design of publicized studies. It has since been abandoned by counselors and therapists. In addition more evidence should be provided in cases of memory repression to prevent false claims. List of References Braun, K. A. , Ellis, R. , Loftus, E. F. (2002). Make My Memory. Psychology Marketing . 19(1), 1–23. New York, USA: John Wiley Sons. Loftus, E. F. (1993). The Reality of Repressed Memories. American Psychologist . 48, 518-537. Loftus, E. , 1995. Remembering Dangerously. March / April 19(2). Retrieved from The Committee for Sceptical Inquiry: http://www. csicop. org/si/show/remembering_dangerously/ on 26th July, 2010. Macrae, C. N. , Schloerscheidt, A. M. , Bodenhausen, G. V. , Milne, A. B. , 2002). Creating Memory Illusions: Expectancy-Based Processing and the Generation of False Memories. Memory . 10(1), 63–80. Robinson, B. (2008, September 3). Repression of Childhood Memories. Retrieved from Religious tolerance: http://www. religioustolerance. org/rmt_ofte. htm on 26th July , 2010. Stedmans medical dictionary, 2006. Definition. False Memory Syndrome . Pennsylvania, USA: Lippincott Williams Wilkins.

Analytical Essay Sample on Parents Influence on Children

Analytical Essay Sample on Parents Influence on Children Free example essay on Parents Influence on Children: For some evident reason my parents assumed they could have total control over my life just because they brought me into this world. For many people this states true especially Asian parents towards their Asian American kids. I could only hope one day my parents would give me the freedom to make my own choices and the lifestyle that I’d prefer to live by without any criticisms and consequences. My parents played a major role on how much influence they imposed on my life in regards to the bad aspect of it, the good aspect of it, and how both the good and the bad side contributed to make me the person that I am today. Asian parents are usually stereotyped as the ones pushing and urging their kids the most, and certainly there has to be some truth to that for it to be known as a stereotype. My parents basically pushed me to perform well in school. In their point of view, education is the key to success and if I succeeded in school then I would also succeed in life. Due to their educational mentality, my parents seldom let me do any extracurricular activities. According to them, if the school function has nothing to do with academic school then it’s not worth my time. They have never grasp the concept of being a teenager of the 21st century. They didn’t care if I liked to sing or if I enjoyed playing a musical instrument. I felt so controlled, which caused me to miss out on the chance to experience and express myself as an individual without my parents hovering over me. My parents controlled every move helped me become more on task and to be on top of my schedule. I became more educated as a human being and further-more would use my knowledge to benefit my future. I learned to be more responsible in getting my work done on time; as a result I graduated in the top five percent of my graduating class. My protective parents were also my anti-drug, which kept me away from bad influences, therefore I was less likely to be associated with the â€Å"bad† crowd. I never wanted to disappoint them, thus I primarily tried my best in everything I did. Being under a strict authority also taught me discipline and respect. My parents have always told me, â€Å"It is extremely important in the Asian culture to respect all those whom are older than you regardless of your age and status.† I tried to do everything they asked me to do, and I’d put my trust in them that it would all pay off in the end. As a result, I created a closer relationship with my family. From their controlling, yet loving nature, they helped shaped who I am today. There were some restrictions that they imposed upon me that I would never do as a parent. I resented the fact that they hardly ever let me do any after school activities or participated in any events. I struggled and at times fought with them to be a part of choir, a hobby that I enjoyed and relied on when I couldn’t turn to my parents for support. Many years have past and I have adapted to their ways of parenting. Their parenting has influenced me on becoming a more prominent person and has taught me to live life more efficiently. Because of them, I am now looking at a bright future ahead of me even though I made some sacrifices. After all, in the end I am blessed to have concerned parents to guide me and educate me of what is wrong and right. Though there were times when it was hard having authoritative parents, I will use this experience as a guide of how I would prefer to raise my kids. I’ve undergone the bad side and the good side of having authoritative parents with the pros and cons that coincides with it. Despite the fact that at times I felt so controlled, I’ve come to realize that they meant well with the intentions of giving me a positive outlook on my future. Whether or not the parents’ posses authoritative like qualities, it is important to let the 21st century youth discover their own lifestyle and permit them to express themselves as an individual.

Causes and Effects of the English Language Essay Example for Free

Causes and Effects of the English Language Essay Creative writing (164) , English language (137) company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints In America, English is the national language. However, with many different cultures and ways of life, everyone doesn’t speak the same English. In the north, people tend to speak clearly and to some this is correct. In the south, people tend to tie their words together and to some this is incorrect. Ultimately, the question is, is what is good language what is bad and what causes the two. In Orewell’s piece, he criticizes the English language starting from the teachers who teach us on to the authors who entertain us. He emphasizes how bad language begins with those to people and their bad habits. He also stresses that if we â€Å"remain strong in this fight against bad English† then we will soon overcome the bad habits and whatnot. Orewell talks about dying metaphors and usage of words that aren’t in layman term. He suggests that when authors use common metaphors and uncommon scientific words, they are writing incorrectly. Consequently, readers and other writers are reading, writing, and learning incorrectly. In my opinion, Orewell’s essay was not efficient in any way. He was nothing short of a hypocrite doing what they do best. He speaks of creative writing and original methapors, but he uses neither. He speaks of using cumbersome words that nobody relates to, yet the majority of his essay was written as if he spoke old English. He doesn’t follow any of the rules that he strongly suggests will bring us out of this fight of bad English. He’s setting no example for the so-called unrightfully successful authors and novice writers. The English language has many different meanings, expressions, causes and effects. So many, that there can no be one specific person determining which are the most perfect. As stated before different regions of the U.S. determine how those people talk, so unconsciously people read and write the way they speak. Many authors use metaphors to allow the audience to better relate to the message their relaying. Many authors use scientific and uncommon words to help broaden their readers vocabulary and to expose them to more than they knew before reading their piece. These critical readers  pick up dictionaries and thesauruses and begin to further explore the language they’re so familiar with. Orewell is neither the most qualified nor perfect person to suggest how authors should write. After all, no on is criticizing his piece and how it negatively drew the audience in. If he is criticizing the way English is taught then he’s ultimately criticizing the way people interpret. Many people are doing just fine without Orewell’s negative views of the English language. Causes and Effects of the English Language. (2016, Jun 06). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Discuss the origin and current situation of the Taiwan issue and the Essay

Discuss the origin and current situation of the Taiwan issue and the possible resolutions for Chinese government handling the Ta - Essay Example The United States 7th Fleet was tasked with patrolling the Taiwan Strait to stop a raid of Taiwan. Americans offered military and economic aid, and, in 1954, a joint security agreement was reached with the China’s Republic as part of America’s Cold War strategy of suppression of the Beijing government. However, military and financial aid was restricted to what Taiwan required to defend and finance itself against the People’s Republic of China, but not to hold up Chiang Kai-shek’s vision of â€Å"going back to the mainland.† The regime created, in 1949, on Taiwan, had provincial and national levels (Cole 4). The state level, with selected, as well as appointed officials from the mainland, represented itself as the Republic of China in global forums and apparently arranged for a go back to rule the entire mainland. Part 2: the current situation 2. Controversy of sovereignty over Taiwan i) Position of the People's Republic of China (PRC) The position o f PRC is that the Republic of China (ROC) stopped being a lawful regime after the founding of PRC on October 1st, 1949 and that they are the successor of ROC as the only lawful regime of China with the right to manage Taiwan with regards to the â€Å"succession of states† theory (Bush and O'Hanlon 23). The stand of PRC is that they and ROC are two diverse groups in the Chinese Civil War that never lawfully subsided. Hence, PRC argues that the two groups belong to one sovereign nation, China. Because Taiwan’s independence belongs to China, then PRC’s regime, along with its supporters, deem that the secession of the island should be settled upon by the 1.3 billion citizens of China rather than just the 23 million citizen of ROC who, at the moment, live in Taiwan (Bush and O'Hanlon 23). In addition, PRC states that the UN’s Resolution by its General Assembly recognizes that PRC controls China’s entire terrain including Taiwan. UN further classifies th is matter through acknowledging PRC as they only legal representatives of China. Therefore, PRC considers that it is within its lawful capacity to prolong its jurisdiction of Taiwan through any means possible (Bush and O'Hanlon 24). Furthermore, the stand of the People’s Republic of China is that ROC does not fulfill the fourth principle of the Montevideo Convention. PRC argued that the Montevideo Convention was agreed upon by only 19 states at the 17th Global Conference of American States (Bush and O'Hanlon 24). Therefore, the authority of the United Nations and the United States should supersede the Montevideo Convention. ii) Position of the Republic of China (ROC) ROC, on the other hand, claims that it maintains all the traits of a nation and that it was succeeded or replaced by PRC since it is still in existence even after PRC’s establishment. In line with the Montevideo Convention (1933), the mainly consulted source for the meaning of statehood, a nation should po ssess a defined territory, a permanent population, a regime, as well as a capacity to start relations with other nations (Bush 33). ROC affirms to meet all these principles since it has a government practicing successful jurisdiction over clear territories

Production Chain and Sector Matrix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Production Chain and Sector Matrix - Essay Example 13) in firms. In reaction to the low profits and high cost of capital in the 1980s and 1990s, several firms embarked on a wave of financialisation - creating, buying, or expanding financial subsidiaries to acquire financial assets - for the purpose of giving management greater flexibility in managing earnings, creating shareholder value, and satisfying the capital markets (p. 34). Most publicly listed firms, therefore, were "pressured" to show good results on a regular basis using the basic language familiar to capital markets: stock price reflects shareholder value that is a function of operating efficiency, lower expenditures, growth in turnover and earnings, and a steady flow of dividends. The more consistent the numbers, the better, as Froud et al., (2005) pointed out in their study of the American company GE. The main challenge to managements in a financialised universe of firms was to make ambitious strategic plans and deliver consistently on their promises. Firms became slaves to a ruthless capital market that, with a single recommendation, can punish poor performers by depressing a firm's stock price and raising its cost of capital. In a world obsessed with financial performance, managements searched for suitable analysis and planning tools. The production chain and the sector matrix were two of the many that, in this age of globalisation and management fads, were developed to help firms map out value-creation strategies. We explain each briefly, then compare and differentiate them with examples. The Matrix The matrix is a strategic tool that presents in a grid or table the strategic factors affecting the firm. The coordinates of the grid can vary, as shown in examples of two well-known models. The first is H. Igor Ansoff's product/market expansion grid or matrix (Ansoff, 1957) that recommends four strategies (market penetration, market development, product development, and diversification) a firm can adopt to grow or increase its turnover depending on the life cycle of the firm's new or current products and markets. The other is the Boston Consulting Group's Market Growth-Share matrix (Henderson, 1970, 1976a, 1976b) designed to help the firm identify businesses/product types by market share (an indicator of the firm's ability to compete) and market growth (indicator of market attractiveness). Firms, in effect, can manage their businesses as a portfolio of investments, much like a bank or an investor would hold, buy, or sell financial instruments. Firms that want to grow should hold or buy stars (high growth and high share businesses) or cows (low growth, high share, cash generating businesses), sell dogs (low growth and share), and think of what to do with question marks (high growth, low share, needs cash injections, but risky). Example of Matrix Use A prime example of how the matrix was used for strategic management is recounted in the study (Froud, et al., 2005, pp. 8 and 38) of General Electric (GE) that, with the help of consulting firm McKinsey and Co., adapted the BCG matrix and developed its own Nine-Cell Industry Attractiveness-Competitive Strength Matrix (Thompson and Strickland, 2001, 327-330), a three-by-three grid that mapped out alternative business positions and attractiveness of markets, on which are superimposed several scaled circles representing different markets and their sizes and showing the firm's market share within each market (See Figure 1). [Insert Figure 1 here] GE claimed that the matrix provided at a glance

Ordering System Essay Example for Free

Ordering System Essay Introduction There are many approaches to guarantee that a business can achieve success. Among such business are the printing press and one of the approaches is ordering process.   Ordering is the process of arranging orders of customers. The way of handling the process should be swift and organized to attain satisfactory services. Printing press has spread and evolved almost in every country and around the world bringing its name in the business industry.  However, considering that printing press require funds, there is a need that there is an effective and reliable ordering system. In most cases printing press has the traditional ordering system or the manual. These are some which have employed the automated ordering system to ameliorate effectiveness and efficiency. At Southern Negros Printhaus employs the ordering services. However, it is manual system. It is therefore desired by the researchers to develop computerized ordering system for the said printing press to help improve it service and management. System Description An ordering system designed for Southern Negros Printhaus that provides templates on different types of paperwork allowing customers to choose desired designs and forms with an efficient automated ordering process for better services. System Objective The proposed system aims to provide automated ordering system that functions on computerized recording of transactions. Also intends to provide sample templates for wide customer’s selection. System Purpose The proposed system aims to deliver enhanced service of the company, organized management process and provide customer satisfactory service through the use of the automated ordering system. Scope of the Study This proposed system can provide sample templates of paperwork to print. It can edit paperwork for printing and can register and record customers’ orders.

Emotional Fundamentalism in River of Earth Essay -- Literary Analysis

James Still's River of Earth presents the bleak realities faced by an Appalachian family that struggles with meeting their most basic needs. The Baldridge's struggle with poverty is surely representative of many Appalachian families during the Depression era. The hardships of poverty, and its psychological and physical effects, are worsened by the isolation and sense of helplessness felt by the characters within River of Earth. Religion functions as the combatant to these struggles; the form of Christianity offered by Still strays from the standard fundamentalist fire-and-brimstone preachings often associated with evangelism in the Appalachian region. Instead, a more emotional form of fundamentalism is found. Religion is a positive, empowering force that is both spiritually and socially freeing for the otherwise repressed and isolated characters within the novel. Within the text, Still offers little escape for the characters. They are grounded and focused on the realities at hand. There is little indulgence in fanciful things or things not of this world. Religion is one of the few escapes the characters are allowed. Still does not offer a standard fundamentalist take on Christianity, despite the strong fundamentalist strains that are often associated with Appalachia. Generally, fundamentalism strongly emphasizes innate depravity and the damnation sinners face. Instead, Still lightens the message. Sermons on hope, grace, and mercy are extended to the characters. Through this more forgiving variety of Christianity, the characters are able to look forward to an eternal existence without adding any more stress to their current existences. It is suggested there is a tendency in Appalachia to lean towards forms of Christianity that pe... ...tianity that thoroughly responded to the needs of individuals. The isolation and desperation found in Depression-era rural Appalachia greatly influenced the type of Christianity that involved in the region. The need for society, community, control, and most significantly, optimism, spawned a form of Christianity that was both social and accommodating to sensitive emotional needs. Works Cited Photiadis, John D., and John F. Schnabel. "Religion: A Persistent Institution In A Changing Appalachia." Review Of Religious Research 19.1 (1977): 32. Academic Search Complete. Web. 3 Apr. 2012. Still, James. River of Earth. Lexington: The University of Kentucky Press, 1978. Print Tillich, Paul. "Paul Tillich on the Method of Correlation." The Christian Theology Reader. Ed. Alister McGrath. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011, 43-46. Print. .

Diploma in Business Communication Essay

Learning Outcomes for Unit 1. Understand different types of business information. 2. Be able to present business information effectively 3. Understand the issues and constraints in relation to the use of business information. 4. Know how to communicate business information using appropriate methods.| Grading criteria for unit| P1| Explain different types of business information their sources and purposes| P2| Present complex internal business information using 3 different methods appropriate to the user’s needs| P3| Produce corporate communications| P4| Evaluate the external corporate communications of an existing product or service| P5| Explain the legal and ethical issues in relation to the use of business information| P6| Explain the perational issues in relation to the use of business information| P7| Outline electronic and non-electronic methods for communicating business information, using examples for different types of audience| M1| Analyse different types of business information and their sources| M2| Analyse the legal ethical and operational issues in relation to the use of business information, using appropriate examples| D1| Evaluate the appropriateness of business information used to make strategic decisions.| D2| Evaluate the effectiveness of business information and its communication as key contributors to the success of an organisation, using examples to illustrate your points| Tasks| Grading criteria addressed| Part 1 – Task 1Using the research on HMV, prepare a written report which: a) Explain the types of information used, their sources and purposes(Make sure you include verbal, written, onscreen, multi-media, web-based) b) To achieve M1 your report should analyse the different types of information (make sure your explanation is detailed – break down each piece of information and look for connections etc) c) The next section of your report should evaluate the appropriateness of 2 sets of information used in making strategic decisions e.g. a marketing decision based on market research information or financial performance based on financial information gathered etc. (Find out what sort of information each function requires and uses) d) Complete the attached form and attach it to your written report, outlining the methods of communication used by the company for different types of ‘audience’ (different ages, ethnicity, gender, special needs etc) Consider electronic (email, internet, fax etc) and non-electronic (invoices, memos, letters etc) methods.| P1P2 – method 1M1D1P7| PART 2 – Task 1 a) Produce a leaflet or advert for customers giving information about products or services HMV offer. b) Choose a real example of an external corporate communication from HMV. In a Memo to your manager evaluate it as a means of corporate communication. (Remember not all such communications are effective) c) Then evaluate the effectiveness of the business organisation and its communication and the role it has played in the success of this company. You must include examples to illustrate your point.Tip; investigate other organisations that have excellent communication and information systems and use them for comparison with your organisation.| P3P4P2 – method 2D2| Part 2 – TASK 2Give a power point presentation a) Explaining the legal and ethical issues in relation to the use of business information at HMV such as protection of personal information and confidentiality b) Also explaining the operational issues in relation to the use of business information such as back up, health and safety, security of information etc. Make sure you explain how the organisation deals with these issues. c) An analysis (with appropriate examples) of the way HMV manages their business information legally, ethically and operationally. Try to look at reasons for policies and procedures that relate to business information and any benefits or drawbacks| P5P2 – method 3P6P2 – method 4M2| Personal Learning and Thinking Skills (PLTS)| * Opportunities for development| | Unit | Unit| Independent Enquirers| P1, P2, P5, P7| | Creative Thinkers| P1, P2, P4, P5, P6| | Reflective learners| P4| | Team Workers| | | Self Managers| P3| | Effective Participators| | | Unit assignment verified by | Signature of Internal Verifier| Date| | | |

Human Behavior in Organization Essay

The Traditional Approach – it is assumed that employees are economically motivated and work to earn as much money as they can. * Frederick Taylor developed a method of structuring jobs that he called scientific management. The Human Relations Approach –This approach assumes that employees want to feel useful and important, that employees have strong social needs, and that these needs are more important than money in motivating employees. The Human Resource Approach – the human relationists believed that illusions of contribution and participation would enhance motivation; that the contributions themselves are valuable to both individuals and organizations. Need-Based Perspectives on Motivation The Hierarchy of Needs Theory – developed by Abraham Maslow 1. Physiological needs – the most basic needs which includes food, sex , water, and air 2. Security needs – scrod thing that offers safety and security such as adequate housing, clothes, and freedom from worry and anxiety. 3. Love and belongingness needs – are primarily social that includes the need for love and affection and the need to be accepted by groups or peers. 4. Self esteem needs – the need for self-image and self-respect and the need to be respected by others. 5. Self-Actualization needs – the top of the hierarchy that involves a person’s realizing his or her full potential and becoming all that he or she can be. ERG Theory – developed by Clayton Aldelfer E – existence needs R – relatedness needs G – growth needs Dual Structure Theory – developed by Frederick Herzberg * it was originally called the â€Å"two-factor theory† Other important needs The need for achievement – it is most frequently associated with the work of David McClelland. This need arises from an individual’s desire to accomplish a goal or task more effectively than in the past. The need for Affiliation – the need for human companionship where individual tends to want reassurance and approval from others and usually is genuinely concerned about others’ feelings. The need for power – the desire to control one’s environment, including financial, material, informational, and human resources. Process-Based Perspectives on Motivation The equity theory of motivation – this type of motivation is based on the simple assumption that people in the organizations want to be treated fairly. The theory defines equity as the belief that we are being treated fairly in relation to others, and inequity as the belief that we are being treated unfairly compared with others. When a person feels equitably treated, and then she is motivated to maintain her status quo. When a person is experiencing inequity whether it is real or imagined, she is motivated to reduce it. Six common methods to reduce inequity: 1. Change the inputs – we may put more or less effort into the job, depending on which way the inequity lies. 2. Change the outcomes – we may change our own outcomes like demand a pay raise or seek additional revenues for growth and development. 3. Change our perceptions and behavior – change the original assessment and decide that we are contributing less but receiving more than we originally believed. 4. Change our perception of the comparison-other’s inputs or outcomes – our perception of other people is based on perceptions and perceptions can be changed. 5. Change comparison – we may change the object of comparison like we may conclude for instance, the current comparison-other is the boss’s personal favorite, whether unusually lucky or has special skills and abilities. 6. Leave the situation – the last resort that might decide the only way to feel better is about things is to be in a different situation altogether. The expectancy theory of motivation Victor Vroom – is generally credited with first applying the theory to motivation in the work place. Expectancy theory – the theory attempts to determine how individuals choose among alternative behaviors. This motivation depends on how much we want something and how likely we think we are to get it. 1. Effort-to-Performance Expectancy – a person’s perception of the probability that effort will lead to successful performance. 2. Performance-to-Outcome Expectancy – person’s perception of the probability that performance will lead to a certain other outcomes. 3. Outcomes and Valances – An outcome is anything that might potentially result from performance. The Valence of an outcome is the attractiveness or unattractiveness (the value) of that outcome to a person. The Porter-Lawler Model – Performance results in two rewards: intrinsic and extrinsic rewards. 1. Intrinsic rewards – tangible rewards 2. Extrinsic rewards – intangible rewards LEARNING-BASED PERSPECTIVES Learning – is a relatively permanent change in behavior or behavior potential that results from direct or indirect experience 1. Traditional view: Classical Conditioning – developed by Ivan Pavlov in his famous experiments with dogs. 2. The contemporary view: Learning is a Cognitive Process – it assumes that people are conscious, active participants in how they learn. Reinforcements Theory and Learning Reinforcement theory – is also called â€Å"operant conditioning† which is associated with the work of B. F. Skinner * it assumes that behavior is a function of its consequences. Types of Reinforcements In Organization Reinforcement – it is the consequences of behavior. 1. Positive reinforcement – it is a reward or other desirable consequences that follows behavior which motivates an individual. 2. Avoidance – also known as negative reinforcement, is another means of increasing the frequency of desirable behavior. Instead of receiving a reward following a desirable behavior, the person is given the opportunity to avoid an unpleasant consequence. 3. Extinction – it decreases the frequency of behavior, especially behavior that was previously rewarded. If rewards are withdrawn for behaviors that were previously reinforced, the behavors will probably become less frequent and eventually die out. 4. Punishment – like extinction, also tends to decrease the frequency of undesirable behaviors. SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENTS IN ORGANIZATION 1. Continuous – rewards behavior every time it occurs. It is very effective in motivating desirable behaviors, especially in early stages of learning. 2. Fixed-Interval – is reinforcement provided on a predetermined, constant schedule. 3. Variable-Interval – also uses time as the basis for applying reinforcement, but it varies the interval between reinforcements. 4. Fixed-Ratio – the number of behaviors needed to obtain reinforcement is constant. 5. Variable-Ratio – the numbers of behaviors required for reinforcement varies over time. COMMUNICATION Communication – is a social process in which two or more parties exchange information and share meaning. PURPOSES OF COMMUNICATION 1. Achieve coordinated action – the primary purpose of communication is to coordinate responses by sending a message to different parts of the organization. 2. Information sharing – most important information relates to organizational goal, which give a member a sense of purpose and direction and also to give specific task direction to individuals. 3. Express feelings and emotions – people in the organization often needs to communicate emotions such as happiness, confidence, anger, displeasure, and fear. COMMUNICATION ACROSS CULTURE Language – differences in language are compounded by fact that the same word can mean different things in different cultures. Coordination – international communication is closely related to issues of coordination. METHODS OF COMMUNICATION 1. Written – written communication is typically used or produced by organization when communicating with an individual, generally someone outside the organization. 2. Oral – most prevalent form of organizational communication is oral. It takes place everywhere, whether it is formal or informal conversation, in meeting, speeches, and presentation etc. 3. Non-verbal – it includes all elements associated with human communication that are not expressed orally or in writing. THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS 1. Source – it is the individual, group, or organization interested in communicating something to another party. 2. Encoding – it is the process by which the message is translated from an idea or thought into symbols that can be transmitted. 3. Transmission – it is the process through which the symbols that carry the message are sent to the receiver. 4. Decoding – it is the process by which the receiver of the message interprets the meaning. 5. Receiver – it may be an individual, group, or organization, or an individual acting as a representative of a group. 6. Feedback – it is the receiver’s response to the message. 7. Noise – this refers to any disturbance in the communication process that interferes with or distorts communication. COMMUNICATION NETWORKS 1. Wheel – it is a pattern in which information flows between the person at the end of each spoke and person in the middle. 2. Chain – each member communicate with the person above and below, except for the individual on each end. It is a typical communication in vertical position which communication travels up and down the chain of command. 3. Circle – each person communicates with the people on both sides but not with anyone else. The circle network if often found in task forces and committees. 4. All-channel – it is often found in informal groups that have no formal structure, leader, or task to accomplish. Communication fidelity – it is the degree of correspondence between the message intended by the source and the message understood by the receiver. Semantics – it is the study of language forms IMPROVING ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS IN COMMUNICATION Reduce noise – noise is the primary barrier to effective organizational communication. * Grapevine (rumor) – a common form of noise, an informal system of communication that coexists with the formal system. Foster informal communication – informal communication fosters mutual trust, which minimizes the effects of status differences. Open communication can also contribute to better understanding between diverse groups in an organization. Develop a Balanced information Network – organizations need to balance information load and information-processing capabilities.

Customized Supply Management System Problem

Customized Supply Management System Problem Introduction Disruption and variation in quality of commodities supplied disrupts production by adding resultant costs and losing revenue opportunities. In highly specialized manufacturing, the cost of constant modification of supplies presents inhibitive financial and technical barriers. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Customized Supply Management System Problem specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More TESCO Company is currently faced with this situation though the intention of tailoring their products was meant to boost financial returns. Therefore, modification of supply management system has serious affected the company’s creativity in a bid to tailor service delivery that meet demands of each customer. Supply management system problem Supply management system coordinates functions purchasing. This mechanism identifies the need for commodities, appropriate suppliers, quantity and quality of the commodities. It al so evaluates effectiveness of supply practices already in place (Park, Shin, Chang, and Park, 2010). Expansion of capacity and mechanization of production demands that the supply system matches production efficiency while assuring quality of supplied goods. Information technology delivers on both efficiency and quality. With computer software to automate supply chain management, decisions can be made reliably and in timely manner (Park, Shin, Chang, and Park, 2010). Input from the production section is processed to chart a supplier’s trend in adherence to quality, quantity, and timeliness of deliveries. Communication of the quality guidelines minimizes the risks of product rejection/return. In absence of a guide, variance is more probable. In such a case, the delay before replacement may slow or halt production; consequently, potential revenue from processed products is missed. Solution to supply management problem Therefore, I would recommend automated supply software that will group similar customer demands together. To realize the benefit of automated supply, both buying and supplying enterprises are to have an integration of their local processes so that data is funneled to a common framework. Then, the two systems are interconnected so that exchange of information is directly linked through website portal and email options. Sharing supply sub-system facilitates direct transactions and generation of reports that rate a supplier’s performance. Due to its dynamic reporting, anomalies in supply quality are communicated instantaneously to the supplier to initiate corrective action (Burnett, 2004). Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With a supplier audit, non-conformance to specifications in supplied commodities and modes of supply are identified. A report of the audit is then discussed with the supplier to implement corrective remedy. As a balanced assessment of a supplier’s performance, the scorecard is thus an objective tool to guide quality in supply. Reasons for the recommendations An improved approach to supply management through automation in TESCO Company will establish a broader partnership with its customers. The buyer will make an effort to learn the supplier’s values, vision, challenges, and operating environment. A spirit of collaboration established will offer positive contribution to the partnering businesses (Burnett, 2004). Such cooperation will turn supply into a competitive advantage instead of sole cost. This should be backed by a legal contract. It further provides for explicit conditions in executing the contractual partnership. Due to their explicit nature and legal enforcement, a contract assures quality of supply to the agreed specification. Supply management system plays a critical role in business process. A modern approach to its management proposes building stron ger relationship with a customer to minimize variance on quality. Important tools in safeguarding quality are the supply management system, supplier manual, supplier’s scorecard, and supply contract. However, breach of contract may occur that requires legal solution. The process is cumbersome before an award for claimed damages are granted and mistrust between these parties is often irreversible (Hill, Eckerd, Wilson and Greer, 2009). References Burnett, K. (2004). Business briefing: Global purchasing Supply chain Strategies. New York: Wiley. Hill, J., Stephanie, E., Darryl, W., and Bertie, G. (2009). The effect of unethical behavior on trust in a buyer–supplier relationship: The mediating role of psychological contract violation. Journal of Operations Management, 27, 281-293.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Customized Supply Management System Problem specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Park, J., Kitae S., Tai-Woo C., Jinwoo P. (2010). An integrative framework for supplier relationship management. Industrial Management Data Systems, 110(4), 495-515.

Critique of a Political Speech of Barack Obama Essay

Critique of a Political Speech of Barack Obama - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the election of Barack Obama to the Presidency of the United States stands as a greatly significant and meaningful moment for contemporary America.   His inaugural speech given on January 21st 2009 reads as a missive to all Americans and contains within it the classically American mà ©lange of Christian-style preaching and the Enlightenment era ideas so important to the country’s heritage: life, liberty, and equality. With respect to the course, the researcher believes that Obama’s speech touches upon, among other things, key elements of Americana which appertain to its heritage, its self-imagery, and its Universalist claims of equality and liberty for all.   In doing so, Obama employs pathos, ethos, and logos interchangeably so as to endow his words with the power that they have. It is debatable which of the three forms of rhetorical appeal are most effective to begin a speech.   Each, depending on circumstance, c an serve to capture the attention of the audience.   Obama opts for a blend of pathos and ethos.   He opens with â€Å"My fellow citizens:   I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you've bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors. The pathos of self-imposed modesty and ‘trust’ easily transitions to the ethos of ‘ancestors.’ ‘Ancestors’ begins an appeal to the ethos of the American Republic and its ideals. He manages the transition well as he then refers to an America which †¦has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office, but because we, the people, have remained faithful to the ideals of our forebears and true to our founding documents. / So it has been; so it must be with this generation of Americans. (Obama 2009) This blending of pathos and ethos is quite effective. Without yet having to employ the limited tool of logos, Obama is able to allude to an historical nation and the sentiments of its people. Logic and consistency might demand that one point out that in fact America has not always held true to its ‘founding documents,’ the existence of slavery for many years, the mistreatment of the Native American, and the internment of Japanese Americans during World War Two being but some notable examples to the contrary. But this is rhetoric, not reality. The brief sojourn into ethos is then temporarily abandoned for a return to pathos. What other recent event, scored into the memory of every American, has the ability to evoke an emotional response without fail: September 11, 2001 of course. The other sources of emotional upheaval at the moment (in 2009 and now) is the ongoing global economic crisis and to a lesser extent, environmental degradation and healthcare. Obama makes use of all three. Our nation is at war against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred. Our economy is badly weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some†¦.Our health care is too costly, our schools fail too many -- and each day brings further evidence that the ways we use energy strengthen our adversaries and threaten our planet. (Obama 2009) It is interesting that a man who is facing a crisis as serious as that faced by FDR generations prior, appeals to the sense of unease and fear that many hold. Apparently, we have more to fear ‘than fear itself.’ International terrorism, failing economy, and an inefficient healthcare system are things to worry about. This is pure and unbridled pathos. But in the end, Obama’s talent for speaking remains unblemished as he, after making appeals to fear-based concerns, reassures his audience, in true Rooseveltian fashion, that â€Å"we gather because we have chosen hope over fear, unity of purpose over conflict and discord†

Satisfaction Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Satisfaction - Research Paper Example â€Å"The workforce in the health sector has specific features that cannot be ignored and motivation can play an integral role in many of the compelling challenges facing healthcare today† (Lambrou, Kontodimopoulos, and Niakas, 2010). The manager of the hospital or the health care center assumes the prime responsibility for keeping the nurses satisfied, because the performance of the organization as a whole is directly linked with the individualistic and collective performance of the nurses. This research was conducted with an intention of identifying ways to satisfy the nurses. Patient care is one of the most sensitive tasks that need to be dealt with immense delicacy and prudence because it not only involves dealing with people’s emotions along with taking care of their health but also has the potential to affect the public image of the hospital or the health care center for better or worse depending upon the quality of patient care delivered in it. Among the issues a manager of a hospital or a health care center is exposed to, two of the prime issues include late arrival of nurses, and shortage of nurses when they are needed on urgent basis. The patient care is scheduled and everything works according to a plan. In such circumstances, late arrival of nurses disturbs the schedule which causes the issues of time management to surface. At the end of the day, this behavior of nurses incurs the hospital many indirect costs, which reduce the profitability of business. On the other hand, shortage of nurses when they are needed on urgent basis is very dep ressing for the managers and administrators and it also brings a bad name to the organization. Rewarding the employees is fundamental to help them maintain a high self-esteem at the work place and keep their motivation for work high, and the same rule applies on the nurses. Nurses need to be rewarded in order to be satisfied enough to deliver their best