Memory Reconstruction and False Memories Research Paper Example

Memory Reconstruction and False Memories Paper There are a number of serious social problems in the society today which include childhood sexual abuse among other crimes. When these occur, sometimes it is possible for the memories to be hidden in the unconscious as the mind tends to block scary episodes of abuse or the whole of childhood and resurface later in adulthood. The quality of these memories differ from one individual to the other, where they can be detailed and vivid or very faint sometimes and mostly tell of events occurring in early childhood or adolescence. At times, these memories are thought not to be true but just a recollection of the things said by others. Recovered Memory Therapy (RMT), which was initially used, has been found to lack proper validity and is therefore termed as toxic therapy (Robinson, 2008). The following paper will discuss false memory in relation to recent research performed concerning it. False Memory One of the most haunting psychological experiences is repression which occurs when the mind pushes shocking experience to an inaccessible unconscious position. At times, however this may later reoccur into consciousness as a condition referred to as false memory syndrome which is defined as the memory of an imagined event normally traumatic and previously occurring (Stedmans medical dictionary, 2006). False memories occur as a byproduct of the cognitive system functioning in the effort to escape from self awareness. A good example is the occurrence of some memories of childhood sexual abuse after repression for about 20 to 40 years which led to suing of alleged perpetrators who were mainly family members and household workers (Loftus, 1993). We will write a custom essay sample on Memory Reconstruction and False Memories specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Memory Reconstruction and False Memories specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Memory Reconstruction and False Memories specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Although the authenticity of regressed memory is questioned, the details and confidence often associated with it form the basis of psychoanalysis and is used in an increasing number of civil law suits. This is because childhood is an important concept of psychoanalysis as it is the stage of attachment and forms an example that sets an emotional stage of later relationships (Braun, Ellis, Loftus, 2002). In addition, the symptoms associated such as inflicted injury also add up as evidence. Through counseling and therapeutic intervention, normally the memories resurface when the victims enter psychotherapy due to various related factors. In these circumstances the therapists use RMT to recover memories that involve various recollections of real events which happened during childhood. It is based on the belief traumatic memories like sexual abuse in childhood are forgotten or repressed and recovered during therapy (Robinson, 2008). From these clinical points it was noted that repression constituted overwhelming and obvious proof hence accurate. However, some psychiatrics dispute these theories terming them as empirical and lack experimental scientific confirmation. Some controversies also arise when accused deny the charges by the adults resulting in the questioning about who is telling the truth and who is lying (Loftus, 1993). Generation of False Memory The accuracy of these memories might be deter red by internally derived defense mechanism such as fantasy, illusions, and screen memories that are mediated by hallucinations, borrowed ideas, characters and myths or externally derived from a therapist’s or special relation’s unintentional suggestion implantation. Moreover, popular writings which influence the creation of memories through the steps they provide and suggestions of a therapist, who at times do not take no for an answer and use dreams, often lead to the creation of theses memories. Additionally, they inclusion of age regression, guided visualization, writing in trance, body work and hypnosis and the fact that therapy takes place in private makes it difficult to follow what takes place (Loftus E. , 1995). This is depicted in a study conducted by Loftus and Pickrell, (Macrae et. al. , 2002 ) where most participants were persuaded by their suggestions and encouraged on having done a particular thing in their childhood such as getting lost in a shopping center and being rescued by an aged person. Most of the people then elaborated and produced evidence on these false experiences uniquely, thus creating alternatives to reality. Such instances include memory of non existent objects or totally different situations. Marketers, through advertising can also cause the creation of such memories by taking advantage of the memory’s reconstructive nature (Robinson, 2008). In this way, a consumer may think that he has participated in an event whereas they only viewed an advert of the event (Macrae et. al. , 2002 ). Due to the impact of false memories especially when used in courts, a number of investigations have been done concerning creation of false memory through exposure to misinformation which causes distortion to the memory. These evidences have been provided by private investigators that go undercover into offices of therapists pretending to be patients. Although all recovered memories may not be authentic, it is not true to say that they are all false. According to new research, recovered memory is a very extraordinary condition which should only be believed if clear evidence is presented. Researchers argue that most of them are not related to real events. Generally, it is believed that memories of occurrences before the age of 2 years cannot be recovered as they cannot be remembered into adulthood while those below the age of three years are uncommon and unreliable. Therefore, claims of some adults about occurrences related to abuse below the age of six months are absolutely unfounded hence false memory. It has also been discovered that people who experience abuse after the ages of four or five rarely forget them. In addition, studies performed on people who have suffered terrible childhood abuse such as kidnapping and watching their parents’ killing reflect their desire to forget them without success as opposed regression (Braun, Ellis, Loftus, 2002). Conclusion The performance of unproven and experimental RMT on clients led to numerous destroyed families which were never recovered hence a lot of human suffering and preventable suicide which could have been avoided through proper and careful design of publicized studies. It has since been abandoned by counselors and therapists. In addition more evidence should be provided in cases of memory repression to prevent false claims. List of References Braun, K. A. , Ellis, R. , Loftus, E. F. (2002). Make My Memory. Psychology Marketing . 19(1), 1–23. New York, USA: John Wiley Sons. Loftus, E. F. (1993). The Reality of Repressed Memories. American Psychologist . 48, 518-537. Loftus, E. , 1995. Remembering Dangerously. March / April 19(2). Retrieved from The Committee for Sceptical Inquiry: http://www. csicop. org/si/show/remembering_dangerously/ on 26th July, 2010. Macrae, C. N. , Schloerscheidt, A. M. , Bodenhausen, G. V. , Milne, A. B. , 2002). Creating Memory Illusions: Expectancy-Based Processing and the Generation of False Memories. Memory . 10(1), 63–80. Robinson, B. (2008, September 3). Repression of Childhood Memories. Retrieved from Religious tolerance: http://www. religioustolerance. org/rmt_ofte. htm on 26th July , 2010. Stedmans medical dictionary, 2006. Definition. False Memory Syndrome . Pennsylvania, USA: Lippincott Williams Wilkins.

Analytical Essay Sample on Parents Influence on Children

Analytical Essay Sample on Parents Influence on Children Free example essay on Parents Influence on Children: For some evident reason my parents assumed they could have total control over my life just because they brought me into this world. For many people this states true especially Asian parents towards their Asian American kids. I could only hope one day my parents would give me the freedom to make my own choices and the lifestyle that I’d prefer to live by without any criticisms and consequences. My parents played a major role on how much influence they imposed on my life in regards to the bad aspect of it, the good aspect of it, and how both the good and the bad side contributed to make me the person that I am today. Asian parents are usually stereotyped as the ones pushing and urging their kids the most, and certainly there has to be some truth to that for it to be known as a stereotype. My parents basically pushed me to perform well in school. In their point of view, education is the key to success and if I succeeded in school then I would also succeed in life. Due to their educational mentality, my parents seldom let me do any extracurricular activities. According to them, if the school function has nothing to do with academic school then it’s not worth my time. They have never grasp the concept of being a teenager of the 21st century. They didn’t care if I liked to sing or if I enjoyed playing a musical instrument. I felt so controlled, which caused me to miss out on the chance to experience and express myself as an individual without my parents hovering over me. My parents controlled every move helped me become more on task and to be on top of my schedule. I became more educated as a human being and further-more would use my knowledge to benefit my future. I learned to be more responsible in getting my work done on time; as a result I graduated in the top five percent of my graduating class. My protective parents were also my anti-drug, which kept me away from bad influences, therefore I was less likely to be associated with the â€Å"bad† crowd. I never wanted to disappoint them, thus I primarily tried my best in everything I did. Being under a strict authority also taught me discipline and respect. My parents have always told me, â€Å"It is extremely important in the Asian culture to respect all those whom are older than you regardless of your age and status.† I tried to do everything they asked me to do, and I’d put my trust in them that it would all pay off in the end. As a result, I created a closer relationship with my family. From their controlling, yet loving nature, they helped shaped who I am today. There were some restrictions that they imposed upon me that I would never do as a parent. I resented the fact that they hardly ever let me do any after school activities or participated in any events. I struggled and at times fought with them to be a part of choir, a hobby that I enjoyed and relied on when I couldn’t turn to my parents for support. Many years have past and I have adapted to their ways of parenting. Their parenting has influenced me on becoming a more prominent person and has taught me to live life more efficiently. Because of them, I am now looking at a bright future ahead of me even though I made some sacrifices. After all, in the end I am blessed to have concerned parents to guide me and educate me of what is wrong and right. Though there were times when it was hard having authoritative parents, I will use this experience as a guide of how I would prefer to raise my kids. I’ve undergone the bad side and the good side of having authoritative parents with the pros and cons that coincides with it. Despite the fact that at times I felt so controlled, I’ve come to realize that they meant well with the intentions of giving me a positive outlook on my future. Whether or not the parents’ posses authoritative like qualities, it is important to let the 21st century youth discover their own lifestyle and permit them to express themselves as an individual.

Causes and Effects of the English Language Essay Example for Free

Causes and Effects of the English Language Essay Creative writing (164) , English language (137) company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints In America, English is the national language. However, with many different cultures and ways of life, everyone doesn’t speak the same English. In the north, people tend to speak clearly and to some this is correct. In the south, people tend to tie their words together and to some this is incorrect. Ultimately, the question is, is what is good language what is bad and what causes the two. In Orewell’s piece, he criticizes the English language starting from the teachers who teach us on to the authors who entertain us. He emphasizes how bad language begins with those to people and their bad habits. He also stresses that if we â€Å"remain strong in this fight against bad English† then we will soon overcome the bad habits and whatnot. Orewell talks about dying metaphors and usage of words that aren’t in layman term. He suggests that when authors use common metaphors and uncommon scientific words, they are writing incorrectly. Consequently, readers and other writers are reading, writing, and learning incorrectly. In my opinion, Orewell’s essay was not efficient in any way. He was nothing short of a hypocrite doing what they do best. He speaks of creative writing and original methapors, but he uses neither. He speaks of using cumbersome words that nobody relates to, yet the majority of his essay was written as if he spoke old English. He doesn’t follow any of the rules that he strongly suggests will bring us out of this fight of bad English. He’s setting no example for the so-called unrightfully successful authors and novice writers. The English language has many different meanings, expressions, causes and effects. So many, that there can no be one specific person determining which are the most perfect. As stated before different regions of the U.S. determine how those people talk, so unconsciously people read and write the way they speak. Many authors use metaphors to allow the audience to better relate to the message their relaying. Many authors use scientific and uncommon words to help broaden their readers vocabulary and to expose them to more than they knew before reading their piece. These critical readers  pick up dictionaries and thesauruses and begin to further explore the language they’re so familiar with. Orewell is neither the most qualified nor perfect person to suggest how authors should write. After all, no on is criticizing his piece and how it negatively drew the audience in. If he is criticizing the way English is taught then he’s ultimately criticizing the way people interpret. Many people are doing just fine without Orewell’s negative views of the English language. Causes and Effects of the English Language. (2016, Jun 06). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Discuss the origin and current situation of the Taiwan issue and the Essay

Discuss the origin and current situation of the Taiwan issue and the possible resolutions for Chinese government handling the Ta - Essay Example The United States 7th Fleet was tasked with patrolling the Taiwan Strait to stop a raid of Taiwan. Americans offered military and economic aid, and, in 1954, a joint security agreement was reached with the China’s Republic as part of America’s Cold War strategy of suppression of the Beijing government. However, military and financial aid was restricted to what Taiwan required to defend and finance itself against the People’s Republic of China, but not to hold up Chiang Kai-shek’s vision of â€Å"going back to the mainland.† The regime created, in 1949, on Taiwan, had provincial and national levels (Cole 4). The state level, with selected, as well as appointed officials from the mainland, represented itself as the Republic of China in global forums and apparently arranged for a go back to rule the entire mainland. Part 2: the current situation 2. Controversy of sovereignty over Taiwan i) Position of the People's Republic of China (PRC) The position o f PRC is that the Republic of China (ROC) stopped being a lawful regime after the founding of PRC on October 1st, 1949 and that they are the successor of ROC as the only lawful regime of China with the right to manage Taiwan with regards to the â€Å"succession of states† theory (Bush and O'Hanlon 23). The stand of PRC is that they and ROC are two diverse groups in the Chinese Civil War that never lawfully subsided. Hence, PRC argues that the two groups belong to one sovereign nation, China. Because Taiwan’s independence belongs to China, then PRC’s regime, along with its supporters, deem that the secession of the island should be settled upon by the 1.3 billion citizens of China rather than just the 23 million citizen of ROC who, at the moment, live in Taiwan (Bush and O'Hanlon 23). In addition, PRC states that the UN’s Resolution by its General Assembly recognizes that PRC controls China’s entire terrain including Taiwan. UN further classifies th is matter through acknowledging PRC as they only legal representatives of China. Therefore, PRC considers that it is within its lawful capacity to prolong its jurisdiction of Taiwan through any means possible (Bush and O'Hanlon 24). Furthermore, the stand of the People’s Republic of China is that ROC does not fulfill the fourth principle of the Montevideo Convention. PRC argued that the Montevideo Convention was agreed upon by only 19 states at the 17th Global Conference of American States (Bush and O'Hanlon 24). Therefore, the authority of the United Nations and the United States should supersede the Montevideo Convention. ii) Position of the Republic of China (ROC) ROC, on the other hand, claims that it maintains all the traits of a nation and that it was succeeded or replaced by PRC since it is still in existence even after PRC’s establishment. In line with the Montevideo Convention (1933), the mainly consulted source for the meaning of statehood, a nation should po ssess a defined territory, a permanent population, a regime, as well as a capacity to start relations with other nations (Bush 33). ROC affirms to meet all these principles since it has a government practicing successful jurisdiction over clear territories

Production Chain and Sector Matrix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Production Chain and Sector Matrix - Essay Example 13) in firms. In reaction to the low profits and high cost of capital in the 1980s and 1990s, several firms embarked on a wave of financialisation - creating, buying, or expanding financial subsidiaries to acquire financial assets - for the purpose of giving management greater flexibility in managing earnings, creating shareholder value, and satisfying the capital markets (p. 34). Most publicly listed firms, therefore, were "pressured" to show good results on a regular basis using the basic language familiar to capital markets: stock price reflects shareholder value that is a function of operating efficiency, lower expenditures, growth in turnover and earnings, and a steady flow of dividends. The more consistent the numbers, the better, as Froud et al., (2005) pointed out in their study of the American company GE. The main challenge to managements in a financialised universe of firms was to make ambitious strategic plans and deliver consistently on their promises. Firms became slaves to a ruthless capital market that, with a single recommendation, can punish poor performers by depressing a firm's stock price and raising its cost of capital. In a world obsessed with financial performance, managements searched for suitable analysis and planning tools. The production chain and the sector matrix were two of the many that, in this age of globalisation and management fads, were developed to help firms map out value-creation strategies. We explain each briefly, then compare and differentiate them with examples. The Matrix The matrix is a strategic tool that presents in a grid or table the strategic factors affecting the firm. The coordinates of the grid can vary, as shown in examples of two well-known models. The first is H. Igor Ansoff's product/market expansion grid or matrix (Ansoff, 1957) that recommends four strategies (market penetration, market development, product development, and diversification) a firm can adopt to grow or increase its turnover depending on the life cycle of the firm's new or current products and markets. The other is the Boston Consulting Group's Market Growth-Share matrix (Henderson, 1970, 1976a, 1976b) designed to help the firm identify businesses/product types by market share (an indicator of the firm's ability to compete) and market growth (indicator of market attractiveness). Firms, in effect, can manage their businesses as a portfolio of investments, much like a bank or an investor would hold, buy, or sell financial instruments. Firms that want to grow should hold or buy stars (high growth and high share businesses) or cows (low growth, high share, cash generating businesses), sell dogs (low growth and share), and think of what to do with question marks (high growth, low share, needs cash injections, but risky). Example of Matrix Use A prime example of how the matrix was used for strategic management is recounted in the study (Froud, et al., 2005, pp. 8 and 38) of General Electric (GE) that, with the help of consulting firm McKinsey and Co., adapted the BCG matrix and developed its own Nine-Cell Industry Attractiveness-Competitive Strength Matrix (Thompson and Strickland, 2001, 327-330), a three-by-three grid that mapped out alternative business positions and attractiveness of markets, on which are superimposed several scaled circles representing different markets and their sizes and showing the firm's market share within each market (See Figure 1). [Insert Figure 1 here] GE claimed that the matrix provided at a glance

Ordering System Essay Example for Free

Ordering System Essay Introduction There are many approaches to guarantee that a business can achieve success. Among such business are the printing press and one of the approaches is ordering process.   Ordering is the process of arranging orders of customers. The way of handling the process should be swift and organized to attain satisfactory services. Printing press has spread and evolved almost in every country and around the world bringing its name in the business industry.  However, considering that printing press require funds, there is a need that there is an effective and reliable ordering system. In most cases printing press has the traditional ordering system or the manual. These are some which have employed the automated ordering system to ameliorate effectiveness and efficiency. At Southern Negros Printhaus employs the ordering services. However, it is manual system. It is therefore desired by the researchers to develop computerized ordering system for the said printing press to help improve it service and management. System Description An ordering system designed for Southern Negros Printhaus that provides templates on different types of paperwork allowing customers to choose desired designs and forms with an efficient automated ordering process for better services. System Objective The proposed system aims to provide automated ordering system that functions on computerized recording of transactions. Also intends to provide sample templates for wide customer’s selection. System Purpose The proposed system aims to deliver enhanced service of the company, organized management process and provide customer satisfactory service through the use of the automated ordering system. Scope of the Study This proposed system can provide sample templates of paperwork to print. It can edit paperwork for printing and can register and record customers’ orders.

Emotional Fundamentalism in River of Earth Essay -- Literary Analysis

James Still's River of Earth presents the bleak realities faced by an Appalachian family that struggles with meeting their most basic needs. The Baldridge's struggle with poverty is surely representative of many Appalachian families during the Depression era. The hardships of poverty, and its psychological and physical effects, are worsened by the isolation and sense of helplessness felt by the characters within River of Earth. Religion functions as the combatant to these struggles; the form of Christianity offered by Still strays from the standard fundamentalist fire-and-brimstone preachings often associated with evangelism in the Appalachian region. Instead, a more emotional form of fundamentalism is found. Religion is a positive, empowering force that is both spiritually and socially freeing for the otherwise repressed and isolated characters within the novel. Within the text, Still offers little escape for the characters. They are grounded and focused on the realities at hand. There is little indulgence in fanciful things or things not of this world. Religion is one of the few escapes the characters are allowed. Still does not offer a standard fundamentalist take on Christianity, despite the strong fundamentalist strains that are often associated with Appalachia. Generally, fundamentalism strongly emphasizes innate depravity and the damnation sinners face. Instead, Still lightens the message. Sermons on hope, grace, and mercy are extended to the characters. Through this more forgiving variety of Christianity, the characters are able to look forward to an eternal existence without adding any more stress to their current existences. It is suggested there is a tendency in Appalachia to lean towards forms of Christianity that pe... ...tianity that thoroughly responded to the needs of individuals. The isolation and desperation found in Depression-era rural Appalachia greatly influenced the type of Christianity that involved in the region. The need for society, community, control, and most significantly, optimism, spawned a form of Christianity that was both social and accommodating to sensitive emotional needs. Works Cited Photiadis, John D., and John F. Schnabel. "Religion: A Persistent Institution In A Changing Appalachia." Review Of Religious Research 19.1 (1977): 32. Academic Search Complete. Web. 3 Apr. 2012. Still, James. River of Earth. Lexington: The University of Kentucky Press, 1978. Print Tillich, Paul. "Paul Tillich on the Method of Correlation." The Christian Theology Reader. Ed. Alister McGrath. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011, 43-46. Print. .